Habronema - Stomach worm of horses. H. muscae, H. microstoma, and Draschia megastroma. Causes catarrhal gastritis.
Cutaneous Habronemiasis – summer sores in horses. The stomach worm larvae emerge from flies feeding on genitalia, eye or wound. Invade skin and irritate tissue, which causes a chronic granulomatous reaction. Treat with insect repellents, topical organophosphates (to kill larvae). Surgical removal of excessive granulation tissue.
Haemonchus contortus – Ruminants. Blood-sucking abomasal worm. Causes severe anemia and generalized edema. “Haemonchus contortus the barber-pole worm, gives you edema and the bottle jaw term.”
Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae - Porcine pleuropneumonia. Severe and contagious respiratory diz of young pigs. Aerosol transmission. Many carrier pigs. Clinical findings include sudden onset respiratory distress, fibrinous pleurisy, and pericarditis. Dx by hx and clinical sx, isolation and ID of organism. Tx difficult because of acute onset. Various antibiotics may be used.
Haemophilus parasuis - Glässer's disease. Porcine polyserositis. Infectious polyarthritis. A fibrinous, sometimes fatal polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis of pigs. Clinical findings in young pigs (wean - 4 mo) include high fever, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, lameness. Classic lesion is serofibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis. Turbid joint fluid. Dx by culture. Tx w/ penicillin, tetracycline; remove stressors.
Haemophilus somnus – Thomboembolic encephalomyelitis. “Sleepers.”
Heartworms - Dirofilaria immitis. Transmitted by mosquitoes. Larvae deposited on skin, migrate through bite wound into SQ tissues, develop for 2 months. Begin 2-4 mos migration into right ventricle. Appear in peripheral circulation 6 mos after infection. Adult worms found w/in pulmonary arteries, right ventricle. Worms impede blood flow and cause endarteritis, endothelial proliferation, thrombosis. Circulating microfilariae can form immune complexes in the kidneys. Cats are aberrant host, more severe infections.
• Clinical signs - Present for coughing, exercise intolerance, weight loss. Cats usually present w/ vomiting.
• Diagnose – Rads, reverse D appearance dt enlgd R heart. ELISA test for adult antigens (female worm repro tract). Antibody test available as well.
• Treatment – Thiacetarsamide adulticide, then ivermectin microfilaricidal within 3-6 weeks. Treat longterm with Heartgard (slow kill in sick patients), immiticide injections – 2, 30d apart, or 2 days apart. Canine treatment will kill cats (can offer heartguard for rest of life). Surgical removal of worms an option in some.
Heinz Body Anemia – Clumps of denatured hemoglobin dt oxidative injuries. Change RBC shape, make more rigid leading to EV and IV hemolysis. Mild oxidants create methemoglobinemia, strong oxidants induce Hz body. Felines prone. Dt onion toxicosis (onion powder in baby food), acetominophen, zinc tox, propofol daily in cats, methylene blue, phenothiazine toxicity in horses. See anemia, cyanosis, facial edema (tylenol), high #’s of hz bodies on blood smear, brown blood. Tx is suppotive care, oxygen, transfusion. Acetylcystein (Mucomyst) effective if used early.
Hemangiosarcoma – Most aggressive soft tissue tumors. Aged dogs, esp GSD, irish wolfhounds, vizsla, golden retriever. Red nodules, bruises, hemoabdomen. Hemangiosarcoma of R ventricle is common cause of pericardial effusion in GSD. Metastasis is common. Wide excision and adjuvant chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide
Hemobartonellosis – H. felis, H. canis. Infectious anemia, esp in young, male cats (concurrent FeLV/FIV) and splenectomized dogs. Small round dots in chains on top of RBC. Transmitted by ticks, fleas, transfusions, from queen. Results in extravascular hemolysis w/ most cells removed by spleen.
• Clinical signs – Fever, icterus, anorexia, splenomegaly, wt loss, regenerative anemia.
• Diagnosis – ID organism on blood smear (refractile), cyclic parasitemia. Coombs + for 2 wks after 1st appearance of parasite.
• Treatment – Doxycycline. Blood transfusion. Corticosteroids.
Hemoproteus – Blood parasite of wild birds. Common, inside RBC, non pathogenic, don’t treat.
Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis – Hallmark is marked hemoconcentration (PCV>70%).
Hepatic Encephalopathy – Acute or severe. Associated w/ variety of diz. Do not admin LRS as pH will exacerbate. See depression, circling, head pressing, aimless wandering, coma. May see seizures late in diz (not common). Tx is NPO, warm water enemas, IV ½ saline w/ K+ and dextrose.
Hepatic Lipidosis - Cats. Starvation leads to mobilization of fat stores, overwhelms hepatocytes. No protein available to form lipoproteins which liver needs to get fat out. Obese cat that stops eating for any reason. Ill, anorectic, icteric. Hyperbilirubinemia, SAP w/ normal ALT. Biopsy to be sure. Supply calories and protein.
Hepatozoonosis – Hepatozoon canis. Muscle, severe pain, extreme leukocytosis (>100,000), bony proliferation on ventral surface of ileum and spinal column.
Hiatal Hernia – Abdominal esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and or portion of stomach protrude through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm into thoracic cavity. May be “sliding”. Cause of gastroesophageal reflux, intermittent anorexia, salivation, vomition. Sharpeis are prone. Dx via rads, endoscopy. Medical therapy may control mild signs, usu sx correction required.
Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis – “Boxer Colitis”. Young to middle aged boxers. LI diarrhea.
Histiocytoma – Histiocyte is tissue macrophage. Typically occurs in dogs < 3 y.o. Solitary, raised, ulcerated, freely movable cutaneous mass. Benign, most resolve in 2-3 mos w/out tx. Cutaneous histiocytosis occurs in Sharpeis and GSD. Histiocytoses of Bernese Mountain Dogs are systemic, familial disorders of unknown etiology. 2 forms, systemic histiocytosis which is generally cutaneous and malignant histiocytosis which occurs in males, usu involves lungs, ln, liver. Both are fatal, the malignant form is more aggressive.
Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum. Dimorphic fungus found in nitrogen rich organic material (bat poop). Not a parasite. Small intracellular yeast, usu w/in macrophages; can be extracellular. Small cluster of grapes inside M. Inhalation of spores. Most common in Midwest.
• Clinical signs - 1 lung infection. GIT see LI diarrhea. Can spreads to eye and bone. Hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, anasarca, and emaciation. Cats – lungs, then disseminate. Dogs – gut, then disseminate.
• Diagnosis – Rectal scraping and cytologic eval of mucosa. If negative, still have to biopsy colonic mucosa and submit for histopath.
• Treatment - Ketaconazole. Amphotericin B. Itraconazole.
Hog Cholera – Pestivirus. Highly contagious viral disease of pigs. Sudden onset, high morbidity and mortality. Eradicated from US. Common antigens with BVD.
• Transmission - Direct contact. Infected pigs shed virus in all body secretions. Ingestion is the most common route of entry. Tonsil is primary site of replication.
• Clinical findings - High fever, lassitude, purple discoloration of abdominal skin, conjunctivitis. Nervous signs include circling, incoordination, tremors and convulsions. Pigs die 5-7 days w/ characteristic petechiation under kidney capsule (turkey egg kidney). Lesions result from viral damage to blood vessel endothelium. Bone marrow depression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.
• Diagnosis - History, clinical signs. IFA of tonsils, lymph nodes.
• Treatment – Cull.
Hookworms – Ancylostoma caninum in dogs, A. tubaeforme in cats, A. braziliense in both. Uncinaria stenocephala in northern US, Canada. 12-15 mm long worms. Transmission via ingestion, transmammary, skin penetration. Larvae migrate through blood to lungs, coughed up, swallowed and mature in small intestine. In older dogs, arrest in somatic tissue, activated during pregnancy, accumulate in mammary glands.
• Cutaneous larvae migrans - ZOONOTIC. L3 larvae penetrate skin. Greatest risk to people who go barefooted, people working in dirt, children playing/eating dirt. A. braziliense in cats major source of eggs in US and Caribbean.
• Clinical signs – Asymptomatic. Normocytic, normochromic anemia, then Fe deficiency anemia. Ill thrift, diarrhea. Dermatitis dt larval invasion of skin (U. stenocephala common in interdigital spaces). Death in young pups.
• Diagnosis – Thick shelled, oval eggs seen on fecal flotation.
• Treatment and Control – Pyrantel pomoate (Strongid) w/ ivermectin. Milbemycin. Diethylcarbamazine w/ oxibendazole. Fenbendazole (Panacure) in divided doses. Worm bitches before breeding.
Horner's syndrome – Failure of sympathetic innervation. Mitosis, ptosis (droopy lid), enophthalmos (sunken eye), prolapsed nictitans.
Hydralazine - Alters calcium metabolism in smooth muscle, preventing initiation and maintenance of the contractile state. Arterioles > veins. Used as an afterload reducer for treatment of CHF, especially mitral insufficiency, and systemic hypertension.
Hydronephrosis – Dilated pelvis, loss of medulla.
Hypercalcemia – Always correct for albumin. Corrected Ca++ = Msrd Ca++ + 3.5 – Albumin. Most common cause in small animals is Hypercalcemia of Malignancy, usu dt lymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinomas of the anal sac. Other r/o are renal 2 hyperparathyroidism which is most common cause in horse, nutritional 2 hyperparathyroidism, Addison’s diz (late in diz), 1 hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, granulomatous diz, Quintox intoxication, and lab error. Tx fluid therapy, saline diuresis, loop diuretics (max Na+ excretion and thus Ca++ excretion), bicarbonate to reduce the ionized fraction of serum Ca++.
Hyperestrogenism – Only pruritic endocrine disorder, often neoplasia. Intense pruritis in young, female dogs, immature mammae and genitalia, alopecia. Bone marrow suppression. Dx w/ ACTH stim and sex hormone panel, biopsy. Tx w/ low dosages of lysodren.
Hyperkalemia - ECG changes include bradycardia, tall tented T waves, loss of P waves, wide QRS complexes. Treatment - sodium bicarbonate to send K+ into cell and regular insulin/glucose. Volume expansion.
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis – HYPP. Autosomal dominant heriditary condition of QH (also appaloosas, paints). Descendants of American Quarter Horse sire “Impressive”. Mutation in skeletal muscle Na+ channel gene. Excess potassium. Most are heterozygotes, homozygotes also affected (may be more severely). See ms fasciculation, spasm, weakness, collapse, difficulty breathing. Genetic DNA test. Tx w/ dextrose, bicarb (to lower K+). Long term w/ K+ wasting diuretic (acetazolamide).
Hyperparathyroidism – PTH acts on renal tubules to promote excretion of PO4and retention of Ca++. Excess PTH dt primary disorder of parathyroid gland or secondary to renal disease.
• 1 Hyperparathyroidism – Fibrous osteodystrophy. Rubber jaw syndrome. Excess production of PTH by functional ademona in parathyroid gland despite levels of blood Ca++. Usu older dog, GSH, arctic breed may have incidence. Prolonged of PTH results in accelerated osteocytic and osteoclastic bone resorption; mineral is removed and replaced w/ fibrous CT, esp in cancellous bone. Also, renal tubular resorption of PO4 is inhibited.
o Clinical signs - Lameness, frx in long bones, compression frxs, obliteration of nasal cavity, tooth loss/loosening. Moth eaten rad appearance to bone.
o Diagnosis - Ca++ (correct for albumin), or normal PO4. Excretion of both in urine is often , PTH assays , SAP may be . BUN, Cr may be . Ddx other hypercalcemia causes.
o Treatment - Excision of abnormal parathyroid tissue, always take nearby ln as well (to r/o lsa). Then post op tx of hypocalcemia w/ vita D and calcium. Withdraw supplementation after PTH and parathyroid resume normal activity. Px is good if severe renal dysfxn has not occurred by the time dx.
• Renal 2 Hyperparathyroidism – More common than 1 PT, occurs frequently in dogs, occasionally in cats. Complication of CRF. PO4 dt GFR. Hyperphosphatemia leads to lower serum [ ] of ionized Ca++. Renal synthesis of calcitriol , and w/ ionized Ca++ causes an PTH. See signs above.
o Diagnosis - Signs of renal insufficiency + PTH assays.
o Treament - Dietary modification, calcitriol suppl, phosphate binders and tx of underlying renal diz.
Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury.
• Type I – Immediate. Acute, severe, allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis. Evident in seconds to minutes. Drug reaction.
• Type II – Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Actives complement cascade. Autoimmune disease.
• Type III – Antigen+Antibody complexes. Arthus reaction. Deposited in tissues, leads to inflammation and necrosis. Serum Sickness in equine dt IV tetanus toxoid.
• Type IV – Delayed HPS. Cell mediated cytotoxicity. Lymphocyte and macrophage mediated. Tissue graft rejections. + TB skin test.
Hyperthyroidism - Most common endocrine disorder of cats. Thyroid follicular cell adenoma or multinodular hyperplasia. Bilateral asymmetric thyroid hyperplasia most common. Secrete excess thyroxin and triiodothyronine.
• Clinical signs - metabolic rate. Weight loss despite polyphagia, nervousness, tachycardia, palpable thyroid mass, poor hair coat, PU, PD, systolic murmur, reversible left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Diagnosis - Elevated T4. Positive thyroid scan.
• Treatment - Surgical thyroidectomy; radioactive iodine. Methimazole.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – HCM. Diz of cats. Heart enlarges at expense of lumen. Heart murmur, LV enlgmnt, pulmonary venous congestion. Acute dyspnea, posterior paralysis and death dt thromboembolism. Tx w/ diuretics if congested, beta blockers, Ca+ channel blockers. Want to slow heart and allow it to fill. Digoxin is contraindicated b/c positive inotrope.
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy –Young (2-7mos) large and giant breed dogs. Extensive soft tissue swelling of distal metaphyses of radius, ulna, and tibia, all 4 legs usu effected, very lame. On rads, see thin radiolucent line in metaphysis parallel to epiphyseal plate (extra physeal lines). Extraperiosteal cuffing along metaphysis. Treat with analgesia, self-limiting.
Hypertropic Osteopathy – Related to increased blood flow to extemities. Massive limb swelling (firm) in all 4 limbs w/ sudden demarcation proximally. Not hot to touch. Lameness, reluctance to move. Assoc w/ thoracic mass. On rads, see irregular surfaced periosteal new bone down entire length of long bones, palisade-like. Limbs are 3-4x normal size. Treat by removal of the thoracic mass.
Hypervitaminosis A – Most commonly in cats. Extensive ankylosing reactive tissue especially in lower cervical vertebrae, may also affect long bones. Correct the diet, will subside.
Hypoderma – H. bovis (spinal cord), H. lineatum (esophagus). Cattle grubs. Ox warbles. Heel flies which parasitize cattle and (rarely) horses. Larvae migrate to arrive in subdermal tissue of back. Cause warbles under skin and ruin hide w/ puncture wounds (breathing holes). Tx w/ insecticides.
Hypokalemic Polymyopathy – Neuromuscular diz of cats related to intake and renal wasting of K+. See NM weakness and muscular pain (ventroflexion of neck). CPK elevated as a result of leakage from damaged ms.
Hypoparathyroidism – PTH deficiency. Uncommon. Acute onset of CNS signs, nervousness, cramping, mm fasciculations, weakness, “tetanic” activity. Severe hypocalcemia (remember to correct). Hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia prolongs potential of myocardial cells (prolonged ST and QT). PTH levels low. Emergency tx involves calcium gluconate 10% IV slowly while monitoring heart. Maintenance w/ vita D (Rocaltrol) and calcium.
Hypothyroidism – Usu 1 and dt idiopathic thyroid gland atrophy. Middle-aged dogs .
• Clinical signs - Mental dullness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, obesity, dry hair coat, heat seeking. metabolic rate. Dry, scaly skin, hair falls out, rat tail, pyoderma. Megaesophagus, eye problems, etc. Often see hypercholesterolemia.
• Diagnosis - Basal total T4 levels, which may be affected by concurrent diz (Euthyroid Sick Syndrome). If concurrent signs of illness, perform free T4 along w/ TSH msmt. TSH will be in 1 hypothyroidism. If ETSS, total T4 will be while free T4 and TSH will be normal. 2 hypothyroidism will have TSH and T4.
• Treatment - Lifelong. Sodium levothyroxine (T4), begin and reassess T3 and T4 at 4 and 12 weeks. Should be normal at 12 wks. Poor response to tx is dt improper dose, poor O compliance, poor absorption, or incorrect dx.
Hypovitaminosis A – Lack of green feed. Liver is storage organ. Colustrum is calf source. Blindness, ill thrift, repro probs. Dx by history, clin signs, necropsy, [vitaA], [beta carotene]. Tx w/ vita A injection or oral prep.
In Avian – Deficiency turns mucous membranes into skin, multiple “abscess looking” lesions in oral cavity, respiratory signs such as mucopurulent nasal dischg, exopthalmia. Due to all seed diet. Supplement vita A.
Hypovitaminosis D – Osteomalacia in reptiles. Hypo or normocalcemic.
Iatrogenic infections (horses) – covered above
Icterus (dogs, cats)
Serum bilirubin levels >2.5-3.0 mg/dL. Bilirubin can rise due to prehepatic causes, intra or extrahepatic cholestasis. Extrahepatic cholestasis results in hyperbilirubinemia. Dogs, bilirubinuria before bilirubinemia cause renal threshold is low. Cats have higher renal threshold, bilirubinemia detected before bilirubinuria. causes a in cats include idiopathic hepatic lipidosis, feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, lymphosarcoma, and myeloproliferative disease. Icteric anemic cats should be tested for hemobartonellosis.
Immune Response
• Cell-mediated immune response - Macrophages and T-lymphocytes(derived from the thymus). Secrete lymphokines that coordinate and regulate T and B lymphocyte function, attract macrophages, activate complement, help host defense. T-helper regulate immune response
• Humoral immune response – Mediated by antibodies formed by B-lymphocytes.
• Immunoglobulins – IgG - Major immunoglobulin (70%). Immunity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins. Distributed evenly between blood and extravascular fluids. IgA - Principal antibodies found in secretions. Provide defense against pathogens that contact the body surface, are ingested or inhaled. IgM - In blood and work in bacterial defense, 1st immunoglobulin to appear. IgD - Development of plasma cells and memory cells from B-lymphocytes. Very low distribution. IgE - Found on surface of basophils and most cells. Stimulate release of histamine to mediate allergic responses.
IMHA – Autoantibodies against RBCs, often 2 to drugs, vax, infectious diz, neoplasia. Cockers, poodles predisposed; little middle aged female dogs.
• Clinical signs - Vomiting, diarrhea, icterus, labored respirations. Varying degress of signs based on degree of anemia.
• Diagnosis - PCV, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria. Mod to severe regenerative anemia, spherocytes, autoagglutination. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia. Coombs test if haven’t already seen autoagglutination. Osmotic fragility, bilirubinemia, hgburia, organomegaly.
• Treatment – Tx underlying condition if can ID. Corticosteroids (pred). Immunosuppressives such as Azathioprine (Imuran), Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Cyclosporin (Neoral), Danozol. Transfusions (temp relief). Heparin. Recheck PCVs Q8-12 hrs. EV IMHA (see spherocytes) – splenectomy if anemia nonresp to immunosuppressives. IV IMHA - splenectomy not indicated; more aggressive tx reqd.
• Complications - Renal failure dt poor perfusion, DIC, pulmonary thromboembolism, concurrent IMT (Evan’s Syndrome).
Note: Rouleaux disperses w/ saline, hemagglutination does not.
Immune mediated joint diseases (dogs): secondary to deposition of immune complexes produce erosive or nonerosive joint diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis, Greyhound polyarthritis, and feline progressive polyarthritis are examples of erosive arthritides. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common form of nonerosive arthritis.
C/S: lameness, multiple joint pain, joint swelling, fever, malaise, anorexia
Dx: radiography, biopsy, arthrocentesis, and serologic testing. Arthrocentesis synovial fluid reduced viscosity high inflammatory cell counts. Biopsy reveals inflammation & cellular infiltrates. Serologic testing rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies.
Tx:corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or methotrexate. dz relapses
Immunizations all animals
Vaccinations for Dogs: The canine vaccine DA2PL-PC refers to: D-> canine distemper, A2-> adenovirus type 2 (ICH), P-> canine parainfluenza, L-> leptospirosis, P-> canine parvovirus type 2 and C canine corona virus. Refered as puppy shot. Pups are vaccinated as followed:
6 weeks old measels vax (protects againts dstemper in prescence of maternal antibodies
8 weeks old DAPLPC and repeat 3 more times every 2 weeks until 14 weeks old
16 weeks old Rabies vax
Bordetella vax is either an intranasal or subcutaneous (kennel cough). Pups can be vax at 4 weeks old. 1 dose good for 1 year. 2 doses 2 weeks apart. Kennel cough starts with parainfluenza which is prevented by DAPLPC
Lyme Dz vax (Borrelia burgdoferi) killed bacteria given to pup 12 weeks old 2 doses 2 weeks apart.
DAPLPC, rabies bordetella, lyme repeat once a year. Some rabies are good for 3 years, but some states require yearly for license.
Giardia lamblia vax cam be used in pups 8 weeks or older.
Cats: FVRC-PC: FVR-feline viral rhinotracheitis, C calicivirus, P feline panleukopenia, and C chlamydia. FeLV refers to Feline leukemia vax. FIP-> feline infectious peritonitis.
Kittens should be vax at 9 weeks with FVRC-PC and tested for feline leukemia virus. Two to 3 weeks later they should be revax with FVRCPC and the first FeLV in tested neg.
Kittens at 16 weeks old FIP intranasal vax and rabies. FIP repeated 3 weeks later.
All vax every year.
Horses: Unvax horses or if unknown history should receive and initial vax followed in 4 weeks by second dose. Further booster vax xan be givenwhen there is a risk of exposure. Rarely, anaphilactoid reactions can occur from use of the vax and are tx with epinephrine. Fever and absceces can occur
Tetanus vax. C tetani is found in horse feces. Horse should be vax after wound and yearly with toxoid.
Equine encephalomielitis vax and west nile . Active immunization is achived by administering inactivated virus vax. Vax before bitting insect season
Equine Rhinoneumonitis Vaccine (herpes). Four types have been identified: EHV-1, EHV-2, -3, -4, which cause rhinoneumonitis, late gestation abortions, stillbirths and weak neonatal foals that fail to survive. Good for 2-3 months. Pregnant mares should be vax during 5th, 7th, and 9th months of gestation with inactivated vax.
Equine influenza. Occurrs chiefly in horses 1 to 3 years od with A/1 and A/2 strains. An inactivated vax provides immunity for 2 -3 months.
Strangles. Strep equi. Highly contagious, may cause absceses
Equine viral enteritis. Atenuated vax
Potomac horse fever: caused by rickestsial organism transmited by bitting insects. Vax available.
Anthrax and Rabies. Use where endemic
Cattle:
CALVES Prebirth E.coli and rotavirus to dams-prepartum
At birth Cl. Perfringens type CD toxoid, rota&corona virus
2-9 wks Cl. Chauvoei, septicum, novyi, perfringens type CD toxoid. IBR, PI3, Leptospira, hemophilus
4-6 mth IBR, PI3, BVD, Lepto, brusellosis, BRSV, Cl. Dz booster
6-8 mth hemophilus, pasteurella, BRSV
Post wean booster IBR, BVD, Clostridial, lepto
FEEDLOT IBR, PI3, BVD, pasteurella, hemophilus somnus, clostridial 7-way vax. tetanus m lepto
Replacement heifers Vibrio bacterin, lepto, IBR booster, clostridial 7-way vax, BVD boost, brucellosis.
Dairycow Lepto, Cl perfringes, rota&corona virus ,vibrio bacterin
Precalving rota&corona, Ecoli bactenir, vibrio lepto
Post calving IBR and BVD do not give MLV to preg cattle.
Beef cattle Lepto, rabies in endemic areas, clostridium, tetanus, IBR, vibrio
SHEEP Anthrax in endemic areas, blue tongue, brucellosis, E.coli, contagious ectima, Clostridium, tetanus, pasteurella, chlamydia if there is chlamydial abortion in flock
Sows and gilts erysipelas rhusiopathiae vax 1 week and 1month before farrowing, pseudorabies at 6 wks the booster every 6 mnths. Lepto at weaning and breeding, parvo vax, TGE, 4 wks and 1 wk before farrowing, enteric clolibasilosis at 1 mo. And 1 wk before farrowing, bordetella, at 4wks and 1 wk before farrowing and to piglets at 1 wk and 1 month of age. Rotavirus to dam 1-4 wks before farrowing.
GOATS Clostridial 7 way vax + tetanus, ORF, Chlamydial vax, if chlamydial abortion is problem.
Immunodeficiency (dogs, horses): An autosomal recessive type identified in Arabian foals and Basset Hounds. also in Toy Poodle, Rottweiler. frequently asymptomatic become suceptible to microbial infections as maternal antibody wanes. normal until 6-12 wk old. common cause of death canine distemper consequence of immunization with MLV distemper vax.
Canine Granulocytopathy Syndrome: autosomal recessive trait. It has been described in man, Irish Setters, and Holstein cows. a deficient expression of leukocyte surface glycoproteins. C/S recurrent, severe bacterial infections, pus formation, delayed wound healing. severe pyrexia, anorexia, weight loss; poor response to antibiotic. Extreme, persistent leukocytosis usualy neutrophils.
Arabian foals suceptible to adenovirus pneumonia or other infections ~2 mo old. The foals are lymphopenic. Precolostral serum samples have no detectable IgM antibody. Immunoglobulin levels normal after nursing but decrease after that time. Nx: thymus gland is difficult to identify and is architecturally abnormal. Lymphoid elements depleted in the lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleen.
Impacted crop (pet birds)
Impetigo – Staph skin infection marked by vesicles or bullae that become pustular, rupture and form yellow crusts. Occurs as superficial infection of face of newborn piglets, abdominal skin of puppies.
Increased non-productive sow days (pigs)
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis – Pinkeye. Moraxella bovis most common cause, also IBR, Neisseria spp, and mycoplasma. Dry, dusty environment, irritants predispose. In sheep Chlamydia psittasi
• Clinical findings – Spreads rapidly. Initial signs photophobia, blepharospasm, excessive lacrimation. Later, ocular discharge becomes purulent. Conjunctivitis ± keratitis. Lesions begin in center of cornea, then cornea becomes opaque. Blood vessels invade from limbus toward ulcer.
• Diagnosis – Clinical signs.
• Vector - face flies ( Musca autumnalis )
• DDX – IBR( no corneal involvement)
• Treatment and control – Moraxella bovis bacterins at beginning of fly season, separation of ill animals. ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, and kanamycin, can be injected subconjunctivally. Oxytetracycline drug of choice for systemic it is concentrated in corneal tissue, causes necrosis if applied localy. Topic meds are impractical (t.i.d)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis – IBR, Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,. Bovine Herpesvirus I (BHV-1). Seen in cattle of all ages in crowded situations. URT infections and late term abortions.
• Clinical signs - Nasal discharge, red nose, ulcers of nasal mucosa, dyspnea, conjunctivitis. Abortions late term, second half but embrionic death can occur. Genital infections, bulls (infectious pustular balanoposthitis), cows (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis). Lesions in upper respiratory tract and trachea. Serofibrinous exudate. Usualy attacs upper resp, but can be fatal if pneumonia
• Diagnose - Clinical signs and IFA.
• Treatment and control – Immunization, Atb for second infect. Heifers/bulls immunized 6-8 mo old, before breeding, yearly. recommend young bulls no vax because they may be discriminated when sold for breeding if antibody. Feeder calves vax 2-3 wk before feedlot. Eradic possible by serologic testing, culling, running two-herd system.
Infectious bowel disease (dogs)
Salmonella: asymptomatic carriers. Clinical disease associated with hospitalization, another infection or debilitating condition in adults, or exposure to large numbers of the bacteria in puppies and kittens. Tx: ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins
Campylobacter: C jejuni or C coli,leading cause of diarrhea. gram-negative, microaerophilic, slender, curved, motile bacterium with a polar flagellum. C/S: mucus-laden, watery, and/or bile-streaked diarrhea 3-7 days,anorexia, vomit. Fever, leukocytosis may also be present. Tx: Erythromycin, the drug of choice, also may use Gentamicin, furazolidone, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol
Infectious Bronchitis – Coronavirus. Chickens. Morbidity 100%, mortality <5%. Respiratory, urogenital and GIT involvement, decreased lay, misshapen eggs. Control by vax.
Infectious Bursal Disease -
Birnavirus. Fecal/oral trans. Fomite spread. C/S: destruciton of immature lymphocytes, postration, incoord, dehydrated, Dx: ELISA. Control: No TX. Depop. Vax.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis – Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV1). Contagious, infectious diz of dogs. Also occurs in foxes, wolves, coyotes, and bears. Does not infect racoons. Via ingestion of urine, feces, saliva of infected dogs. Shed virus in urine for 6 mos. Main targets are liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs. Immune complex reactions after recovery lead to chronic kidney lesion and corneal clouding known as “Blue Eye”.
• Clinical signs - Vary from sl fever and congestion of mm to severe depression, marked leukopenia, and prolonged bleeding time.
• Diagnosis – Abrupt onset and bleeding suggest. Ddx distemper. Virus isolation. Intranuclear inclusion bodies in liver are characteristic.
• Treatment – Blood transfusion, IV isotonic saline + dextrose. Broad spectrum antibiotic. No tetra on pups – teeth discolor Atropine if corneal opacity.
• Prevention – MLV vax. Attenuated CAV1 vax also assoc w/ blue eye and shed virus in urine; use CAV2 vax instead as cross protection w/out those effects. Puppies > 9-12 wks, so maternal Abs don’t interfere.
Infectious coryza (poultry): Haemophilus paragallinarum(gallinarum), all ages are susceptible. C/S: depression, nasal discharge, severe swelling of one or both infraorbital sinuses with edema of the surrounding tissue, diarrhea, Egg delayed in pullets, reduced in producing hens. Birds may have diarrhea, and feed and water consumption usually is decreased during acute stages of the disease. Control and Tx: "All-in/all-out" farm programs, IC bacterins are available serovars A, B, C are not cross-protective
Infectious laryngotracheitis (poultry): herpesvirus.C/S gasping, coughing, rattling, and extension of the neck ,reduced egg prod.. Mortality may reach 50%. Prev&Tx:mild expectorants,vax with modified strains (eye drop).
Infectious pododermatitis (footrot) (cattle): Fusobacterium necrophorum: chronic, necrotizing disease of the epidermis of the interdigital skin and hoof matrix. Req warm, moist environment
Infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
Infertility (cattle)
Cause Uterus Ovaries Other tests Tx
Pregnancy Enlarged with other signs of pregnancy Corpus luteum same sida as enlarged horn Plasma progesterone leveles elevated None induce abortion if needed
Unobserved estrus Normal or high tone present in estrus Corpus lutea or follicles on sequential exam High progesterone in diestrus low around estrus Improve estrus detection and use aids
Cystic ovarian disease Normal in acute mucometra in chronic cases 1 or more fluid filled cysts size > 25mm Progest high in luteal cysts low in follicular cysts GnRH or hCG for follicular PGF for luteal
Pyometra Thick fluid filled no signs of pregnancy Corpus luteum evident in ovary Progesterone elevated throughout PGF 2α
Mumified fetus Leathery fetus palpable in uterus Corpus luteum eviden in ovary
Progesterone usually elevated PGF 2α
Undernutrition: P, Cu, Co, Mn, I, Se, Vit A Normal Small inactive no changes Progesterone low until CL is formed Analyse and improve feed elements
Granulosa cell tumor Normal One ovary enlarged and one atophic Low progesterone Surgery to remove ovary
Freemartinism Small or absent Small or non existent ovaries Karyotype No tx possible
Ovarian hypoplasia Very small or almost normal in size Small or almost normal unilateral or bilateral Variable progesterone level No treatment possible
Interdigital fibroma (cattle): mass of fibrous tissue between the toes resembles a papilloma. may cause severe lameness. surgical removal (cryosurgery and electrocautery) is successful.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease –ddx hyperthyroidism, IBD, and alimentary LSA. Must eliminate all other causes. Thickened intestinal loops may be palpated Dx req. intestinal mucosal biopsy. In cats, prednisone often combined with metronidazole
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ideopathic infiltration of GI mucosa and sub mucosa with inflammatory cells.
1. Eosinophilic: high mortality in cats> C/S vomit, small or large bowel diarrhea. Dx: PE> Thickened bowel, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, LAB> high Eosiniphils, low TP, BX definitine, R/O parasites, TX: Food trial, high dose of steroids, Azothioprine.
2. Histocytic ulcerative colitis. Boxers< 24. C/S: severe unresponsive large bowel D. Dx: Colon Bx, Tx: Feed trial and immuposupresive, low fiber diet
3. Neutrophilia: associated with Bacteria. Same RX
4. Lymphopasmacytic: Most common, genticin, Basenji, Wheaton terrier, sharpie. C/S: Vomit 1° Fe, Chronic small or large bowel diarrhea, weight loss, can be protein losing enteropathy. Dx: R/O parasites and food, Bx. Tx Pred, 5-aminosalcylic acid for colon, ATB, azathiprine, anti diarrhea i.e. Imodium, iamotil or anticholinergics (bentryl) for tenesmus.
In cats, prednisone often combined with metronidazole
Influenza (poultry): Fowl plague, orthomyxoviruses are type A influenza viruses. C/S: greenish diarrhea; cyanosis & edema of the head, comb, wattle; shanks and feet ecchymoses; and blood-tinged oral and nasal discharges. lesions:hemorrhages, transudation, necrosis in the respiratory, GI, integumentary, & urogenital systems. Dx virus isolation, Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests. Control vaccine has to be produced with for the specific hemagglutinin type. In the US depopulation.
Ingestion of poisonous plant (cats). Preformed oxalate crystals in plants Caladium, Dieffenbachia, Narcissus, Philodendron. Mechanical injuryof crystal(like neddle), pain, vomit, dyspnea. Tx: detox, limewater, symptomatic
Insecticide toxicity (dogs and cats): Anticholinesterase insectisides. Organophos,carbamates. Inhibit acetylcholinesterase=>overstimulation. C/S: Muscarinic: Salivation, lacrimation, miosis, dyspnea, bredicardia. Nicotinic:Muscel fasiculation, tremor. CNS: Respiratory depresion, clonic tonic seizures. Tx: Atropine for muscarinic signs, Diazepam fo SZ.
Insulin – Secreted by β cells. Note: glucocorticoids antagonize insulin, as do growth hormones.
• Regular – Immediate onset, 2-4 hour duration of effect. Use in emergency.
• PZI – 1-4 hours onset, 5-20 hour duration of effect.
• NPH – Immediate or 3 hr onset, 24 hour duration of effect.
Insulinoma – Functional islet cell tumor of pancreas. Usu carcinoma derived from insulin secreting -cells resulting in hypoglycemia. Dogs 5-12 yrs old; ferrets.
• Clinical signs – Mainly CNS signs. Posterior weakness, fatigue after exercise, mm twitching, ataxia, confusion, temperament changes, seizures, collapse.
• Diagnosis - Blood glucose ( 60 mg/dL), serum insulin [ ] will be normal to . Ddx include hypoadrenocorticism, hepatic failure, large extrapancreatic neoplasms, sepsis, polycythemia, insulin overdosage, and laboratory error.
• Treatment - Complete excision of tumor will buy approx 1 year. Malignancy potential is high. Dogs with inoperable tumors may be managed well with multiple feedings/day and glucocorticoid adm.
Intra-articular medications (horses)
INTERNAL PARASITES ( ALL ANIMALS) !!!!!
Cattle:
• Haemochus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Thrichostrongilus axei: Larvae hatch from eggs-> infective in 4 days->penetrate abomasal glands, molt and remain on glands for prepatent growing period (18-25 days), molt and emerge into lumen of abomasum as young adults. Larvae in glands, -> hyperplasia of mucus cells and nodules(with loss of parietal cells) pH up 6 to 7 and pepsinogen won’t convert to pepsin-> protein-losing gastroenteropathy-> hypoproteinemia-> weight loss. Diarrhea. Haemochosis -> anemia anasarca. Ostertagia -> nudules(1-2 mm) throughout abomasum. High pepsinogen level in plasma. T. axei-> mucosa of abomasum, -> congestion and fibrino necrotic exudate.
• Cooperia: Small intestine of cattle, Cooperia punctata, C oncopehra, Cpectinata. Direct life cycle. Don’t suck blood. Prepatent period 12-15 days. Prfuse diarrhea, weight and congestion of upper intestine.
• Bunostotum Infection: Bunostotum phlebotomum. Hookworm. Prepatent (2 mnths).penetrate lower limbs in stabled cattle -> stamping. Anemia repid wieght loss. Diarrhea and constipation alternate. First few feet of small intestine. Contents blood stained.
• Strongyloides infection: S.papilosus. Intestine, thread worm, only female parasitic.Small intestine-> embrionated eggs in feces-> infective larvae or free living adults-> infect by skin penetration or ingestion. Larval transmissionvia calostrum possible, Prepatent period 10 days. Iterrmitent diarrhea , catarrhal enteritis.
• Nematodirus helvetianus: Eggs very resistant. Calves upper small intestine. Eggs hatch after rain. Adult stage in three weeks. Resistance to reinfection
• Toxocara vitulorum: white worm of small intestine of calves under 6 months. Larvae in late pregnancy-> tissues-> calostrum. (calves 3 wk old)
• Oesophagostomum radiatum. Larvae in intestine, wall for 5-10 days then to lumen. Prepatent period 6 wks. Young, severe and constant diarrhea (dark and fetid) nodules can be calcified.
• Tape worm: Monenzia expansa and M. benedeni – young cattle. Oribatid mites. Intermediate host. Prepatent. 5 wks.
Sheep and goats:
• Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Trichostrongilus: Stomach worms. H contorus, O circumcincta, T axei. Cross transsmision of haemonchus between sheep and cattle. Can cause sudden death, severe anemia, + edema. Mature sheepespecially during lactation. Ost. in parturient ewes. Intestinal Trichostrongylosis -> villous atrophy, malabsorption and protein loss.
• Bunostonum: hookworm in jejunum
• Nematodrius: Rocky mountain. USA. Lambs. Eggs lie dormant for season to season. Hatch specially after rain -> disease 2 wks later. Sudden onset, profuse diarrhea – dehydration. Disease often shows before eggs in feces.
• Oesophagostum: Diarrhea. Nodules around larvae->calcifie. Sheep walk with stilted gait, humped back. Nodules palpaded rectally.
• Chabertia: colon, hems, ulceration. Immunity developes.
• Tapeworm: monenzia expansa, mild unthriftiness.
Dx of GI parasitism.
-Signs , eggs on fecal exam
- Ostertagia: high pepsinogen in plasma. Haemonchus low PCV in anemia.
Tx: Drug and alterante grazing of different hosts. Thiabendazole, mebendazole, Levamizole, pyrantel group and thiophanate. Poor on dermal (organophs)
Control sheep: Tx parturient ewes 1 month before and 1 month after lambing, also 2 wks before breading. Move sheep to cattle pasture.
Control cattle: Calves during first season at grass. Immunity to nematodes acquired after two seasons. Alternate host grazing. Pasture rotation. Treat 1 month before expected outbreaks of hypobiotic larvae.
Swine:
• Stomach worms: Hyostrongylusrubidus (thin red stomach worm) thick worms ( ascarops, Phsocephalus). This worm direct life cycle, thick worms from coprophagus bettle. Grazing pigs in large numbers, diarrhea, weight loss. Levamizole 3mg/lb.
• Ascaris suum. Small intestine(can migrate to stomach). Female 30 cm and 250000 eggs per day. Eggs very resistant->ingested-> larvae into intestine->portal circulation-> grow in liver (cirrhosis)-> lungs( 9 days from infeciton)-> digestive system( 1st egg 2 months later). C/S stunted groth, obstruction of intestine and bile ductus (icterus –especially pigs in from). Heavy infestation-> pulm edema, abdo. Breathing(“thumps”) weight. Especially pigs 4-5 months. Diag: eggs in feces but young pigs shows resp. signs. Tx: Antibiotics. -> resp phase. Piperazine, febendazole, dichlorvos, lavemizole. Hygromycin in feed against ascarids. Pyrantel for migrating phase. Strongyloids transmission through colostrum -> baby pigs. -> diarrhea, anemia-> death. Small eggs (Matastrongylus large). Thiabendazole before and afer parturition.
• Oesophagostimun dentatum. Large intestine. Flyes can carry larvae. Sows have preparturient rise in worm egg output. Large intestine covered with brown coagulated serum. Thickened wall.
• Trichuris suis: whip worm. Cecum and large intestine-> diarrhea, levamizole
Worm control: treat sow and gilts 5-7 days before farrowing and in mid. Lactation. Treat weaners prior to entering fattening pens and 8 wks later. Boars every 6 months.
Horses:
• Trichostrongylus Axei: Small stomach worms -> catarrhal gastritis. Heavy mucous exudate protect worms against antihelmintics. Tx: thiabendazole
• Parascaris equorum: migrating larvae->resp signs in foals (infected soon after birth) loss of energy, diarrhea, wight loss. Treat foals at 8 wks and at 8 week interval until 1 year. Tx: thiabendazole.
• Large Strongyle Infection: Blood worms, red worms, s. vulgaris, s. edentatus, s. equinus. Larvae infective 7 days after eggs passed. Larvae resist low temp. Larvae of s. vulgaris-> ant mesenteric art.-> thrombosis. Larvae of other spp-> parietal peritoneum, liver, pancreas, testicles. Signs: anemia, weight loss, diarrhea, colic and gangrenous enteritis following embolism of ant mesent. Art. -> intussusc, torsion rupture.CSF nematodiasis possible. Dx: eggs in feces, palpate art. Lesions rectally. Serological tests -> b-gobulin IgG high. Dichlorvos and pyrantel every 6 weeks. Febendazole in large doses to killl larvae. Ivermectin s/c
• Oxyuris equi: L intestine, largest pinworm (15 cm.) Gravid female lay eggs on perineum around anus (yellowish crusty mass). Eggs infect 4-5 days. Pruritus-rub tail -> bare patch. Antihelmintic.
• Strongyloides westeri: small intestine. Larvae in milk from 4 days on and diarrhea in foals in 10 days. Thiabendazole.
• Tapeworm infection: anoplocephala magna (small intestine), A.perfoliata (cecum). Paranoplocephala (small intestine). Oribatid mites.
Dogs:
• Canine hookworm: ancyclostoma caninum(dogs), A. brazilienze (dogs and cats), A. tubaeformis (cats). Ucinaria stenocephala (not in the US). Small intestine. Mayor infection througout skin -> lungs-> intestine. Eggs in feces 15-20 days after infection hatch in 24 hours in warm moist soil. Hypocromic microcytic. “kennel” anemia in pups (often fatal) . Blood loss 0.1 to 0.8 ml in and U stnoceph. Not avid blood suckers but cause hypoproteinemia. Tx: pyrantel
• Canine strongyloidosis: S. Sterocolaris ( may infect man) Eggs hatch into larvae before they reach feces. (per skin -> circulation-> lungs intestine. Larvae in feces in 7 to 10 days blody diarrhea, shallow breathing pyrexia -> verminous pneumonia. Sunlight kills larvae. Tx: diethilcarbamazine
• Ascariasis: toxocara canis (also mans and cats). Infection usually prenatal in pups. Toxocara leonida and T. cati. Larvae in ingestion by dogs -> tissues, muscles, kidney, lungs, fetus -> reach intestine in one week. Infection can be direct ( larvae invade intestine wall and develop, or indirect by eating rodents. Larva migrans in man. C/S dull coat. Pot belly. Pulm damage cortical kidney lessions. Dx eggs in feces. Tx. Pyrantel. Treat pup 2 weeks before birth.
• Canine trichuriasis ( whip worm) Cecum colon. Eggs can live for 5 yrs. And are infective in feces after 2 wks, but adults take 10 wks in intestine to mature jejunum. Weight loss, dirrhea, fresh blood in feces Anemia dichlorvos. Mebendazole.
Fluke:
• Fasciola hepatica: eggs in feces -> miracidia (hatch in H2O) – lymnaeid snails (cercaria encysts on acuatic vegetation-> metacercaria ingested by host -> penetrate duodenum -> peritonela cavity - > liver and wander for weeks -> enter bile duct and mature. Eggs 8 weeks after infection. Signs: Devastating dz in sheep to mild in cattle. Abdo pain, anemia, death. Less acute: weight loss and bottle jaw. Liver enlarged ( cirrhosis and bile ducts, . Dx: eggs, flukes in bile ducts. Control. Tx: fall and late winter, pregnant animals before parturition (so not as anemic during lactation). Albendazole. Kill snails – drain land.
Cestodes of dogs and cats.
• Dipylidium caninum from flea
o Dogs: Echinococcus granulosus on sheep ranges (hydatid cyst)
o Cats: Taenia taeniformis – from mice and rats
o Dogs: Taenia multiceps – especial in wild animals (coenurosis in sheep, rarely man)
T. Saginata: cysticercus in cattle
T. solium: cysticercus in pigs (Cysticercus cellulosae)
Tx: prazicuantel (droncit)
Intervertebral Disc Disease –Degeneration and protrusion of IVD resulting in compression on spinal cord or spinal nerves. W/ cervical diz, see pain; w/ thoracic diz see gait deficits. Type I is chondroid degeneration, extrusion of calcified nucleus pulposus. Common in chrondrodystrophoid breeds (Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese), show acute, severe and acute clin signs, as young as 1-2 yo. Type II is fibroid degeneration and annular protrusion which is slowly progressive and usu seen in lg breed dogs > 5yo. Dx w/ rads, myelogram. Deep pain perception is important prognosticator, as well as degree of neuro signs. Tx less severe cases w/ pred, 2-3 wk cage rest, anal/antiinfl. If severe, methylpred w/in 8 hrs, surgery w/in 24 hrs.
Intussusception – Acute see painful abdomen, scant bloody feces, vomiting. Chronic see diarrhea, diarrhea, diarrhea. The most common area ileocecocolic junction, ileum may slide into lumen of the colon. Often palpable, U/S is best way to dx. Barium contrast radiographs to dx. Can perform enema contrast (not oral). Parvo is a major cause of intussusception. Ddx is rectal prolapse. If fornix is present on rectal palpation , then prolapse.
Intestinal Obstruct
C/S: Duodenal: nausea, bile vomit, abdo pain, weak, dehydration
Distal small bowel: can be tolerated longer, vomit, slow abdo distention
Partial: Vomit, prolonged or intermittent signs, less intake, loss weight, alert, fluid feces
Strangulating: Vascular compromise = toxemia shock
Dx: Pe: dilated gut, sausage, gas filled
Rads: Complete obstruct = gas or fluid ileon. Contrast if complete ↓transit, filling defects
Tx:Sx emergency removal, pain meds => meperidine, Fluids, ATBS, +/- transfusion, 1-3d bland low residue diet
Causes:
1. Volvulus
2. parasites
3. Post op adhesion
4. Granuloma, abases, hematoma
5. Hernia incarceration
6. Physiologic – segmented ileus related to peritonitis: Sx, metab, neuro dz
7. FB – linear can penetrate easily, palpating or rads
8. Intussusception – secondary to hypermotility esp. parasites, primary adb ileocecal jnx, “coiled spring” rads, can dx w/barium enema
9. Intestinal Tumor – primary duodenum or distal ileum, adenocarc can look like napkin ring – rads.
Intestinal neoplasia (dogs)
Intestinal ulcers (dogs)
Iodine Deficiency – Goiter. Budgies w/ big thyroids, not palpable b/c in thoracic cavity. If budgie is squeaking or clicking, do not handle (will kill!). Supplement I and will get better. Midwest millet is I poor. Few cases in poultry, commercial poultry diets fortified with I.
Iodine Toxicity - Foals of dams fed excess iodine may develop extreme thyroid enlargement (goiter) and may die before birth or shortly thereafter. Clinical signs are generalized weakness, long hair, marked limb abnormalities.
Ionophore/monensin/lasalocid toxicosis (cattle)
Iron Deficiency – in most spp. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Non-regenerative anemia. Dt chronic external blood loss. Internal blood loss reuses iron. Horses: secondary to parasitsm or chronic blood loss.Pigs: reduced rate in Hgb formation. Sucklings ha low RBC count, pale mucous membranes, enlarged heart.
Ivermectin - Enhances release of GABA which acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter in nematodes and arthropods. Causes paralysis and eventual death of parasite. Ineffective against flukes and tapeworms because do not use GABA as peripheral nerve transmitter. Mammals also do not use GABA as peripheral nerve transmitter. Does not cross BBB. Contraindications: do not use in collie breeds. Used for demodex.
Johne's disease – Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Acid fast rod. Infiltrative intestinal diz. Chronic, contagious, granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. Organism very resistant, see long term environmental contamination. Bacteria localize in lower small intestine and associated lymph nodes.
• Transmission: Fecal-oral, colostrum, milk, in utero. Cow to calf after birth most commonly. Ingestion of contaminated feed and water. In utero and transmammary infection. Cow to cow in confinement situations. Long term incubation – cases show up 3-5 years later. Brahmans tend to be older when show clinical signs.
• Clinical findings: Weight loss, muscle wasting, chronic diarrhea, dehabilitation. Appetite stays good. Terminates in emaciation and death. Small ruminants usually do not have diarrhea.
• Lab findings – Anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypokalemia.
• Lesion - Granulomatous response characterized by progressive accumulation of epithelioid cells in mucosa and submucosa of lower small intestine. Diffuse hypertrophy of lower jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum.
• Diagnosis and Control - Fecal culture (very difficult, but high specificity), serologic tests (less than ideal, low sensitivity). Positive test is meaningful, negative test is not. No sure way to prove a living cow is free of infection. Sheep have different strain, different culture. Goats have same strain.
• Treatment – None! Cull. Vaccination reduces disease incidence, does not eliminate.
• Prevention – Remove calf immediately after birth, feed negative cow colustrum, don’t pool.
• Public Health - Crohne’s disease? Organism not killed in pasteurization process. Theory of humans infected via milk.
Johnson Grass – Sorghum. Sudan. Red top. Causes 3 problems.
• Cystitis – Horses, lose mare. Bladder thickens, dribble urine, uncomfortable.
• Nitrate toxicity if fertilized johnson grass. Chocolate brown blood. Methylene blue tx.
• Cyanide poisoning if damaged, prussic acid. Respiratory distress, cherry red blood. Emergency. Give 100cc sodium thionitrosol gets up and walks away.
Joint Fluid Analysis - Normal 1-3 cells per HPF. <10% PMNs.
Joint luxations (horses)
Juvenile Pyoderma - Puppy strangles. Pustular skin diz on face and head of puppies at weaning age, 3wks to 4 mos. See fever, anorexia, submandibular lymphadenopathy. Pustules and lymphadenopathy (huge ln) on face and head. May not see pustules if already eroded. Tx w/ steriods, see fast response. One of rare times ever put young animals on steroids.
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca – KCS. Deficiency of tear, result mucupurulent conjuntivitis.Occurs in dogs, cats and horses. Immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal glands. Bulldogs, WHWT, lhasa apso, cockers are prone. Acute cases – ulceration. Chronic cases – conjunctivitis. Can be 2 to sulfa drugs and Canine Distemper. Dx w/ Schirmer tear test <10mm/min is suspicious, <5mm/min is diagnostic. Always check for ulcers. Tx / cyclosporine (Optimmune) eyedrops. Will only works if some tearing function remains. If severe, parotid duct transposition.
Ketamine – See Anesthesia. Approved to use in cats and non- human priamtes Rapid-acting general anesthetic. Significant somatic analgesia, poor visceral analgesia. Use with diazepam to reduce muscle twiching. Lack of cardiopulmonary depressant effects. Get CO, HR, BP. Don't use w/ trauma, glaucoma dt CSF. Epileptogenic, do not use w/ myelography or seizure disorders.
Ketoconazole – Fungistatic. See Antifungals. cellular membrane permeability and blocks P-450s, inhibiting steroid synthesis. Activity against most pathogenic fungi. Med tx for hyperadrenocorticism.
Knemidokoptes Mites – “Scaley leg and face mites” of budgerigars tunnels under the scales in legs. Skin scrape in mineral oil, see lots of mites. Tx w/ 1/10,000 ivermec orally and repeat in 2 weeks. Clean cage
Laceration repair (horses)
Lactation failure (cattle, horses, pigs)
Lactic Acidosis - Grain overload. Acute disease of ruminants. Ingestion of excessive amounts of grain results in change of microbial (gram + Strep. bovis) population in rumen, gram+ bacteria, which produce lactic acid. Rumen pH falls to <5, destroys rumen microbes and impairs rumen motility. Presence of lactic acid in rumen increases osmotic pressure, fluid drawn in causing dehydration. Absorption of the rumen lactic acid causes lactic acidosis, resulting in hemoconcentration, CV collapse, renal failure, muscle weakness, shock, death.
• Clinical findings - Abdominal pain, indigestion, rumen stasis, dehydration, acidosis, toxemia, incoordination, collapse and frequently death. Downer cow, subnormal temp, diarrhea, laminitis, anuria. Abortion may follow 2 wks later.
• Diagnosis - History, clinical signs, rumen acid pH , gram + stain of rumen fluid. Static rumen, gurgling fluid sounds, diarrhea, ataxia are characteristic. Increased blood lactate
• Treatment - Restrict water intake for 18 to 24 hrs., slaughter if overload serious. If downer, support and shift weight. Magnesium hydroxide with warm water added to the rumen to then empty rumen, supportive care.
Lamb dysentery(sheep)
Lameness horses: During rest horse points forelimb “nurse leg”, in upward fixation of patella (affected leg rigidly extends backwards with toe on ground) . During progression: trotting horse raises head when lame limb bears weight. Hind leg lameness croup is raised when lame leg supports weight. Troting in circle aggrevates lameness (specially pelvic ring fracture). Most fore-limb lameness in foot, whilst hind limb lamenss on hock. In thoroughbreds the carpus. Examine lame leg, nerve block, remove shoe.
• Curb: thickening or “bowing” of plantar tarsal ligament due to strain. Poor conforamtion of hock or after jump or fall. Leg at rest and heel elevated. Swelling one hand below hock. Coldpacks rest.
• Osslets: inflamation od erpiosteum and lower ant. Epiphyseal surface of large metacarpal bone and capsule of fetlock. Arthritis-> ankylosing. Short choping gait. Flexion of fetlock, Tx coldpack, steroids.
• Sore shins: Periostitis of anterior surface of large metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Especially forelegs of thoughroughbreds in training and racing. Warm painful swelling of ant surface. Lame short stride. Rest cold packs
• Carpitis: Inflamation of joint capsule, exostoses in old cases. Especailly thoroughbred in training. Swelling of knee. X ray for fractures. REST corticosteroids.
• Articular fractures of carpal bones, prox sesamoids and first phalanx: Sheer stresses -> carpal fractures (at end of racewhen joint goes into overextension) Radial and 3rd carpal bones. Chip fractures 1st phalanx. Fatigue-> sesamoid fractures. Chip fractures produce no signs until animal is cooling out-> swelling of fetlock or carpus. Tx: REST, Corticos.
• Bog spavin: Tarsal hydranthrosis. Chronic synovitis of tibiotarsal joint -> distension of joint capsule. Tx: aspirate fluid and replace corticosteroid
• Bone spavin: Periostitis of bones of hock joint (usually 2 distal rows of tarsal bones on medial side)-> exostosis-> ankilosis. Horse drags toe ( hock action decreased). Exostosis on lower medial aspect of hock. Lameness can disappear with exercise. Spavin Test: pick up on e leg and acutely flex hock (not fetlock) for few mins. Lamens acentuated for first steps. Rest deep joint firing. Arthrodesis.
• Splints: Involves interoseus ligament between large and small metacarpal (less common in metatarsal) bones. Periostitis – exostoses along splint bone. Usually metacarpal. Young horses. Lameness after work. After ossification lamens disappears. Dx Xray. Rest. No corticosteroids. Fracture of splint bones – remove Sx.
• Trochanteric Bursitis: Whirlbone lameness inflamation of tendon of middle gluteal muscle, of bursa between this tendon and trochanter mayor, or of cartilage of trochanter major. Especially standard breds and can exist with spavin. Weight placed inside of foot (Worn), leg rotated inward and stride and stride shorter on affected leg. Flat croup (muscle atrophy). Preasure over greater trochanter -> pain. Hot packs, corticosteroid in bursa.
• Bicipital bursitis: Inflamation of bursa between biceps tendon and bicipital groove of humerus. Swinging leg lameness, forward phase shortened-> animal stumbels. Forced extension-> pain. Tx: REST, bursal injection of corticosteroids.
• Artrhitis of shoulder joint: Inflamation of joint or bony changes of articular surfaces of humerus or scapula(‘bone mice”). Swinging and support leg lameness. Forced ext. -> pain. Intraarticular injection corticosteroids.
• Coxitis: Inflamation of coxofemoral articulation. Trauma-> tearing of acetabulum rim. Swinging lameness. Rolling gait. Affect quarter higher. Prognosis poor. Rest.
• Gonitis: Inflamation. Stifle joint, caused by upward fixation of patella, injuries to collateral ligaments, to cruciate ligs and infection. Swollen joint capsule. Swinging lameness. Leg carried flexed. Crepitation of menisci. Criciate or coll ligs ruptured. Xrays prognosis poor. Steroids intraarticular.
• Stringhalt: Myoclonic affection of 1 or both hindlegs -> spasmodic overflexion during progression. Cause unknown. Degeneration of sciatic and peroneal n. especially when horse is turned. False strinhalt when irritation is lower pastern area. Tx: tenectomy of lateral digital extensor.
• Sweeney shoulder atrophy, slipped shoulder. Atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles of horse due to damage to suprascapular nerve. Signs: hollowing on each side of scapular. Tx: liniments and elect. Vibrator massage.
• Laminitis: The hoofs circulatory structure consists of arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) which most of time are closed. Allow blood to go thour capillaries in the sensitive laminae. Periodically, the AVAs dilate, diverting circulation from these tissues and sending blood back to the leg. Repeated openings of the hoof AVAs allow horses to stand in snow and icy water without experiencing dangerous chilling of soft tissues. In laminitis the AVA’s remain open for hours, producing such diversion of blood that the hoof’s horn-producing cells starve and die, losing critical grip, on the supporting horn laminae.
• Especially FORE feet, can be all 4. rotation of 3rd phalanx. Many causes- drinking cold water by overheated animal. Eating exesive amouts of grain. Concussion on hard surface. Toxemias, sequelae to pneumonia, metritis, strangles, allergic reactions. Onset sudden. Pain severe. Animal resist movement. Intense pain wears of with movement. Feet warm. Hoof testers-> great pain. Mild cases-> recovery in 10 days. Severe cases prognosis poor (os pedis displaced by pull of deep digital extensor tendon-> distorted hoof, concave and hoof wall corrugated) xray. Hot pack followed with cold packs. Digital nerve block and walk horse (bring blood to area) – contraindicated once pedal rotation. Tx: Because of its value in hoof keratinization, methionine has been used at dosages of 10 mg/lb (22 mg/kg), daily for 1 wk followed by 5 mg/lb for the second week and 2.5 mg/lb for the third.
• Thrush: Degeneration of horn in central and colateral sulci ->involves whole frog. Cause-unhygienic. F.necrophorum. especially hind feet. Foul odor. Moist black thick discharge. Tx: Astringent solution (FeSO4, CuSO4). Bar show to regenerate frog, Dry standings.
• Canker: Chronic hypertrophy of horn, involving frog, sole and wall. Especially hind feet heavy draft horse.
• Corns: bursing of sole in angle between wall and bar. Usually inner quarter and especially fore-feet. Exesive triming of sole (exposing sensitive laminae). Shoes on to long, or fitted to closely. Red color at site of corn. Supporting leg lameness – hoofterster-> pain. Pus may burrow through to coronet (quitor). Shorten toe and place bar shoe to promote frog preasure (3/4 bar shoe). Hot foot baths. Drain pus. Clean box.
• Bruised sole: Tx like corns
• Puncture wounds: Acute painful foot. Abscess. Remove FB. Drain. Keep foot in plastic boot + cotton soaked in MgSO4 solution. Antitetanus. Nerveblock(plantar) for relief.
• Quittor: Chronic purulent inflamation of lat. cartilage of 3rd phalanx->necrosis of cartilage. Sinus tracks.
• Sandcrack: Toe crack, quarter crack. Break in hoof beginning at coronet and parallels horn tubules. Race horses. Can lead to overlap of hoof wall-> false quarter. Usually no lameness. Patch with fiber glass.
• Club foot: Abnormal flexion of 3rd phalanx on 2nd phalanx. Foals 6 -12 weeks. Cause by rapid growth. Reduce diet. Correct shoe (if not to young) or inferior check ligament. Desmotomy
• Coon foot or bear foot: over digital extension. Tx swimming.
• Side bone: Ossification of lat cartilage of 3rd phalanx. Hunters, Jumpers, usually front feet. Improper showing. Loss of flexibility (on palpation) Dx: Xray. Tx: correcting shoeing to promote expansion of quarter and protect foot from concussion. Groove hooves
• Ring bone: Phalangeal exostosis. Periostitis or osteoarthritis of 1 or 2nd phalanx. Improper shoeing, wire cuts, strained ligaments. Dx: xray. Tx: REST. Deep point firing.
• Navicular dz: Fore feet.Podotroclosis. Mature riding horse. Cause->Arterial thrombosis withing navicular bones. Insidius onset. At rest horse relieves pressure of deep flex tendon area by “pointing”. Lameness. Dx: Xray & nerve block. Prognosis poor. Tx:REST. Shorten toe and use shoe with thick heel (relieve pressure of deep digital flexor) Double digital neurectomy. Anticouagulants (warfarin).
• Pedal osteitis: Rarefying osteitis in pedal bone. Sole tender of percussion. Xray. Ddx NAvicular dz. Tx: rest and shoe to protect sole.
Lameness exam (horses)
Laminitis in Cows - Usually dt grain overload. Lactic acidosis causes vasoactive endotoxins to be released which cause pathologic changes in microcirculation of corium. Dairy cows show signs of laminitis immediately after calving. Clinical signs include lameness, walking on knees, etc. Tx: if it’s due to grain overload, correct it.
Risk Factors: lactic asidosis, endotoxemia, histamine, fiber quality, high prot, genetics, exercise, low keratinization
Lesions: Infalm @ dermal/epidermal jxn. Soften, hemorrage, sequela> sole/heel ulcer, white line lessions.
Pathogen: Local disruption=>release vasoactive => AVA shunt=> inflam dermis=> compresion=>further cap damge=> focal necrosis=>lesion development => coronary band thick, fissures, white line.
C/S: subclinical> dx with secondary lessions
Acute> rapid pain, praying position
Chronic> Freq. subclinical, dx with hoof differences
Prevention: test rumen pH, feed slowly, less crowd, hoof trim, rest areas.
Tx: NSAIDs * and Rx secondary dz.
Larkspur – Delphinine. Contains toxic alkaloids causing respiratory and cardiac failure. Uneasiness, stiff gait, straddled posture, sudden collapse. Animals die from respiratory paralysis or inhalation of regurgitated rumenal contents.
Laryngeal Hemiplegia and Paralysis – Equine, usu young. Exercise intolerance, roaring. Paralysis of Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle. Grade 1 = normal, G2 = asynchronous movement but can maintain full abduction, G3 = asynchronous but unable to maintain full abduction, G4 = paralysis. Dx via treadmill endoscopy, hx. Tx with laryngeoplasty or “tie back” with incision ventral to linguofacial vein. Ventriculocordectomy and vocal folds via laryngotomy (through cricothyroid ligament).
Laryngeal Paralysis(dogs)
Failure of glottic cleft to open
C/S: Dyspnea (inspire), Cyanosis, Voice difference, coughing, upper respiratory obstruction, exercise intolerance, stertorious sound (gurgling), open mouth breathing.
Dx: Laryngoscope=> hyperhemia, edema, no abduction on inspire.
U/S, THS, EMG and nerve conductivity
Histopathology: mild to moderate type 1 and 2 myofiber atrophy
Tx: Emergency tracheostotomy
Steroid (edema)
Sx enlargement of glottic cleft
Unilateral arytenoids lateralization
Partial laryngectomy
Castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold resect
Soloxine if low T4
Laxatives:
Diet: high fiber, Psyllium
Lubricants: Mineral oil
Emollients: H2O into Feces, diocytl sulfosuccinate, Na, K+, Ca++
Saline: Mg hydroxide
Osmotic: Pull H2O into lumen, lactulose
Fleet enemas: NaPO4, contraindicated if cronic renal failure
Lead Toxicity – GI and neuro signs. Effects brain, nervous system, blood and digestive system. Horses – weight loss, depression weakness, colic, laryngeal hemiplegia. Cattle – lodges in reticulum and disolves graduallysevere depression, aimless walking, blindness, complete rumenal stasis, diarrhea. Dogs, Cats - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures. Megaesophagus. Avian – extremely common; hematuria and CNS diz. Rads show heavy metal in ventriculus (Zn tox gives similar findings). Waterfowl – porphyrin metabolism is blocked, can dx w/ UV light. Exaggerated response to mild anemia, see polychromasia, basophilic stippling of RBCs, nucleated RBCs. Treatment is Calcium EDTA; D-penicillamine( in dogs is asocc with vomit and anorexia, not recommended for livestock), thiamine.
Legumes - High in calcium, low in phosphorus. (Barley/grain - low calcium, high phosphorus).
Leishmania – Western hemisphere. Leishmania chagias, L. braziliensis, and L. mexicana. Protozoal disease transmitted by sand flies mainly infecting man (ZOONOTIC), dogs (reservoir), and rodents. Mostly outside US, but small foci of infection in Oklahoma, Texas, Ohio. Chronic, fatal disease.
• Clinical signs – Incubation period from 3mos to several yrs. Cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions, lympadenopathy, wt loss, cachexia, anemia, lameness, renal failure, and occasionally epistaxis or ocular lesions. Intermittent fever. Also alopecia, onychogryposis, hepato/splenomegaly, lymphopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, interstitial pneumonia, amyloidosis. Severe crusting/exfoliating dermatitis.
• Diagnosis – See parasite in bone marrow or lymph node smears (most reliable). Amastigotes in macrophages (oval basophilic bodies). ELISA, IFA.
• Treatment – Pentavalent antimonial compounds (not approved in dogs) and allopurinol. Relapses common.
• Control – Rapid treatment, control strays, control insect vectors.
Lentigo Simplex – Orange cats. Benign hyperpigmented macules. No medical consequence.
Leptospirosis - ZOONOTIC. Contagious disease of animals and man No dz in cats,. May be asymptomatic or cause fever, renal failure, liver failure, infertility, abortion and death. Hemolysis, icterus, hemoglobinuria. Transmision: shed in urine, penetrates abraded skin or muchosa, disease in 4-12 d; rodent reservoir Leptospires can localize in kidneys and reproductive organs and shed in urine. Often waterborne, wet weather, ponds. Contact w/ infected urine.
• Cattle - Redwater disease of calves. Abortion. Cattle natural hosts for L. hardjo (4 mos-term) and L. pomona (3rd trimester). Acute hemolytic syndrome is seen with L. pomona and L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Dx w/ paired serum samples (or titer>100 suspicious), IFA, culture. Tx w/ chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline. Vax is short term. Sheep similar, though less prevalent.
• Dogs – L. pomona and L. grippotyphosa most commonly (used to be canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae – have vax for, but no cross-immunity). Signs as above w/ vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy. Dx via leptospires in urine and serology. Can also do cytology of bile aspirate. Tx renal and liver failure supportively. Aggressive antibiotic tx - Penicillin, tetracycline (careful if azotemic), doxycycline long term. If not better, cut gall bladder out. Vax Q6 mos; most reactive vax.
• Horses – L. pomona. Recurrent uveitis or abortions.
• Pigs – L. bratislava more widespread (L. pomona before). Abortions 2-4 wks before term.
Dx: PE -> congested mucosa
CBC/ CHEM -> increase WBC – neutrophilia W/L shift. +/- low platelets, azotemia, increase pH, ALT, AST, AST, LDH, Tbil, electrolyte imbalance.
U/A -> Isosthenuria, + protein, + bilirubin, granular casts, pyuria
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY
Serology -> Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), dual titers 4x inc.
Histo -> silver stain
Ddx: ARF, Ethilenglycol, pyeloneph, toxins, acute hepatitis, ICH, toxinm bact.
Leukocytozoon – Blood parasite in chickens, turkey, waterfowl. Large gametocytes can block capillaries and cause multifocal necrosis. Common, inside RBC,anemia, leukositosis, CNS signs. Prev Sulfa.
Lice : Pediculosis(lice infestation) Bitting lice (mallophaga): mammals and birds, Sucking lice (anoplura) mammals only.
C/S Pruritus, rough coat, anemia. Bitting lice move through hair, suckng lice embedded into skin. Young calves epecially in winter. Tx permethrin, pyrethrins, rotenone, methoxychlor, lindane, diazinon, malathion, or coumaphos
Lidocaine Toxicity – 1st see CNS signs such as tremors, seizures. Then cardiopulmonary depression. If bolus is given to fast can cause hypotension.
Lime Sulfur – Safe dip for many derm diz. Notoedres, scabies, dermatophytosis. May cause irritation and disconfort, blistering.Don’t let cats lick when wet. Tx remove material and apply bland ointment.
Linear Foreign Bodies – Under the tongue in cats and in pylorus of dogs and cats. Dx via palpation and rads (tear drop bubbles, not dilatation; plication). Intestines look like accordeon.Contrast rads w/ iodine (not barium). Tx: IV fluid therapy to resolve tissue perfusion. releasing attachment. If not better in 18-24 hours, sx.
Listeria - Listeria monocytogenes. Gram +, small, motile, resistant, coccobacillus Found in soil, mammalian GI tracts. Localized in intestinal wall, medulla oblongata, and placenta. Transmission via fecal oral route. Winter-Spring dz of feed lots and housed ruminants. Outbreaks occur after feeding spoiled silage. Remove bad feed.
• Clinical signs - Causes encephalitis or meningoencepholitis in adult ruminants. Facial paralysis, circling. late abortion, septicemia, placentitis, and autolyzed fetuses.
• Diagnosis - Isolation and identification. Submit: CSF, submit brain stem,aborted placenta and fetus. Healthy animals may have titers.
• Treatment – Penicillin(drug of choice), ceftiofur, erythromycin
• Zoonosis – Handle samples with caution. Protect females (women) danger to fetus.isolated from milk. Can survive certain forms of pasteurization.
Lipemia – Fast 12-18 hours, should be no lipemia. If present after fast, likely eating, hypothyroidism, or idiopathic hyperlipidemia of schnauzers. risk for pancreatitis. Often see complications in eye.
Liver in Large Animals – Biliary – GGT, STH. Hepatocellular – AST (no ALT). Function test – bile acids, do not have to fast. No gallbladder in horses. Albumin has long t1/2 in horses, don’t use. Bilirubin. Ammonia.
Liver abscesses in cattle: Cattle in feed that predispose to rumenitis. Abscesses condem liver. Eti: Fusobacterium necrophorum.
Lumpy Jaw – Actinomyces bovis. Gram+ filamentous anaerobe. Cows and wallabees. Cause: Damage to mucosa by penetration to soft tissue. Painless rarefying osteomyelitis of mandible/maxilla, hard nonmoveable swelling. Difficult to culture. Dx with clin signs, exudate smears, rads, biopsy. Salvage less valuable. Iodine tincture effective, but no recommended because of food safety. Tx: Penicilin and cepha good. For alergic: Oxytet or erythromycin. Should do sx debridement.
Lungworms – Cow and deer, Dictyocaulus viviparus. Horse/donkey, Dictyocaulus arnfeldi. Sheep/goat, D. filaria, Protostrongulus rufescens, Mullerius capillaris. Pigs, Metastrongylus apri. Dog – Filaroides osleri. Cat - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila. Lower respiratory tract infection, coughing, respiratory distress. Dx larvae in fecal. Tx w/ levamisole, ivermectin, fenbendazole. Thiabendazole not effective. Some vax.
Lupine Toxicity – Nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids. Ingestion of lupine plants between days 40-70 of gestation causes crooked calf disease. Joint contracture, torticollis, scoliosis, kyphosis, cleft palate. Remove lupine material.
Lupus
Polysystemic immune mediated disease
Type III hypersensitivity IgG/IgM
Ab/Ag complexes in small vessels and basement membrane of skin or in synovial membrane.
Complement fixation -> vasoactive products and enzymes
Result = inflammation, edema, tissue damage
Signalment K9 or feline (collies, Shetlands)
Possible presipitation by virus or drug
C/S: Multiorgan- thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, glomerular nephritis
#1 sign Polyarthritis – non erosive
Skin periorbital alopecia, seborrhea, stomatitis, mucocutaneous ulcers, foot pad separation/ulceration, panniculitis, urticaria, purpura
Other fever, pleuritis, neuropathy, myocarditis, pericarditis, myositis, leokocytosis, hepatosplenomegally, lethargy, anorexia.
Dx: ANA titer +2 major and 2 minor
Coombs
IFA
Skin Bx- leucocytoclasis vasculitis and mononuclear panniculitis
Arthrocentesis leucocyte infiltrate 1 PMNs
Rads – periarticular swelling
Sinovial Bx – thickening, inflammatory infiltrate, fibrin
Heart murmur
Tx: Prednisone + Imuran (azathioprine)
For Joint involve rest, passive joint flex/extend
w/ severe anemia and thrombocytopenia – splenectomy
Ddx: K9 erlichiosis
Multiple myeloma
Sub acute bacterial endocarditis
Luxating patella (dogs): Congenital. Stiffle and hock joint locked in extension and fet lock flexed -> drags toe. Backing imposible. In dogs intermitent luxations. No pain. Luxation medial. Stifle aduced (pigeon toe). Lame. Sx Tx.
Luxations (cats)
Lyme Disease – Borrelia burgdorferi. Bacterial disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks affects animals and man. Tick must be on animal for > 12 hrs. ZOONOTIC, skin lesions in people. Incidence in spring and fall. See lameness, intermittent and nonerosive arthritis, fever, lymphadenopathy. Neurological, cardiac, and renal abnormalities (no thrombocytopenia!). Dx by serologic tests - IFA, ELISA, Western blot. Titers can be w/ no diz. Tx w/ doxycycline. Control via tick avoidance/treatment (permethrin, amitraz, fipronil).
Lymphoid Leukosis – low incidence, retrovirus.
Transmission: verticle – hen shed virus into yolk, horizontal – feces or congenital infection, Pathogenesis: clonal malignancy of bursal development, b cell.
C/S depresed, enlarged bursa, drop eggs. Dx: tumor in viscera. Control: discard eggs from shedding hens.
Lymphadenopathy (dogs)
Lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis(cats): severe inflammation of the oral cavity. heavy infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes. “Plasmacytic-lymphocytic stomatitis” is a sign of one or more diseases (retrovirus infection, calicivirus infection, concurrent odontoclastic resorption, polyclonal gammopathy, concurrent diabetes mellitus, chronic interstitial nephritis. Tx: controlling or eliminating the cause/dental prophylaxis, full mouth extractions. Steroid Tx only palliative only on a short-term. Antibiotic therapy controls any chance of septicemia.
Lymphoid leukosis (poultry): Retrovirus – Early microscopic tumors in bursa of fabricius at about 10 wk after infection. B-cell origin. Tumors in mature chickens >16 wks old. Five subgroups of exogenus viruses in chickens. A,B,C,D have existed for decadesJ has recently emerged.
Transmission-Vertical more important. Viremic hen trnsmits virus to eggs. Horizontal trans-> feces saliva
Nx:Bursal folicle, infiltration in septum. Nodular tumor, liver spleen, diffuse tumor, milliary tumor, metastasic tumor in liver.
Dx: flock > 16wks, no nerve involvment. B-cell tumors. Tumors in bursa. Virus isolation no good.
Control: erradication of exogenus. ALL viruses by testing eggs of individual hensbefore obtaining hens.
Lymphosarcoma (cats) - 30% of cats FeLV. FeLV-negative cats can also develop tumors. most frequently diagnosed malignancy of cats. Most American cats with mediastinal, multicentric, or spinal forms of lymphoma are FeLV-positive. Renal and GI forms of lymphoma are more likely to be found in FeLV-negative cats.
Lymphosarcoma / leukemia (dogs) -
Macaw Wasting Disease – Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD). Unknown etiology, virus likely. Dilation of proventriculus and ventriculus ceases digestion. Wasting disease of macaws, see whole seeds in droppings. Death. Dx via clin signs and rads (dilation, barium passage).
Malasezzia - Yeast involved in otitis externa. Moist, greasy, malodorous and highly pruritic. Normal flora in #’s in dogs, rare in cats. Dx via ear smear. 1º or 2º bacterial infection common. Tx w/ miconazole, ketaconazole, conofite topical lotion.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever – Gammaherpes virus. Acute, sporadic, infectious and highly fatal diz of cattle near lambing sheep. Little to no cow to cow transmission. Also see in farmed deer, wildebeests. Low morbidity, high mortality (lethal).
• Clinical signs - Extensive erosion and edema of GIT and URT. Keratoconjuctivitis, photophobia, corneal opacity, blindness, pytalism, encephalitis, and lymphadenopathy. Also interstitial infiltration of organs by lymphocytes. Kidney - evident as white, raised foci under capsule.
• Diagnosis – Virus isolation, ELISA, IFA. Cross reacts with other herpesviruses.
• Treatment and control – Survival rare, if so, carriers. Separate from source.
Malignant Edema - Clostridium septicum. (Also C. chauvoei, C. perfringen, C. sordelli, and C. novyi). Acute fatal toxemia of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs caused by contamination of wounds. Clinical findings include anorexia, intoxication, high fever. Wounds edematous. Muscle in area dark brown to black. Dx by IFA. Tx w/ penicillin or broad-spectrum antibiotics early in diz. Bacterins for immunization. Blackleg/Malignant Edema vax.
Malignant Hyperthermia – Porcine Stress Syndrome. Hypermetabolic syndrome involving skeletal muscle. Genetically transmitted myopathy most prevalent in lean, heavily muscled meat pigs - Pietrain, Landrace, Poland China, Duroc. Also occurs in the wallaby. Abnormality in skeletal mm Ca++ kinetics. Stressor or drug (inhalation anesthestics like halothane, methoxyflurane) stimulates sustained release of Ca++ resulting in glycogenolysis and heat production. Lactic acid production leads to acidosis. Hyperthermia + acidosis + ATP depletion = rhabdomyolysis. K+ causes cardiac dysrhythmia and arrest.
• Clinical findings – Fine muscle tremors in sk mm progress to muscle rigor, then blanching and cyanosis. Tachycardia, dyspnea, dysrhythmias. Extreme fever (113ºF). Rapid rigor mortis. Affected muscles pale and wet in animals that die.
• Diagnosis - History of stress, exposure to stressor drugs. DNA test.
• Treatment – Genetics, test and cull. Dantrolene (muscle relaxant) given early before blood flow is reduced inhibits and controls episodes. Fluid tx, control acidosis, surface cooling.
Marek's disease - Herpesvirus of chickens. Ubiquitous and highly contagious. Neurotropic disease, see thickened sciatic nerves and tumor in the eyes. Transmitted via aerosol if stable in environment. Three forms: productive infection (virion formation in feather follicles); latent infection (carrier state); neoplastic transformation (lymphoid neoplasms). Ddx from lymphoid leukosis.
• Clinical findings – Depression than death. Enlarged nerves dt lymphoid proliferation in peripheral nerves and CNS inflammation causing ataxia and transient paralysis. Diffuse nodular lymphoid tumors in various organs. Enlarged feather follicles (skin leukosis).
• Diagnosis - Based on enlarged, thickened nerves and lymphoid tumors upon necropsy.
• Control – Vaccinate chicks at hatching. Strict sanitation. Breed resistance.
Mast Cell Tumor – Most frequently recognized malignant neoplasms of dogs and cats (cutaneous, leukemic and visceral forms). Dogs - local aggregation of mast cells in skin of dogs; cutaneous mast cell tumors more aggressive in dogs. Cats - visceral mast cell tumors much more common (ddx for splenomegaly). Release of histamine or other vasoactive substances may be associated with GI ulceration. May become malignant. Metastasis occurs most frequently in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
Mastitis – In cows, multiple bacterial etiologies (staph, strep, coliform, pseudomonas, actinomyces). Control and eradication. Segregate and treat based on C&S. Sanitation. Similar in other species.
Megacolon – In dog, dt stricture or tumor; DON’T cut out colon. In cat, idiopathic. If nothing else works, colonectomy (takes weeks before start solidifying feces).
Megaesophagus - 2º aspiration pneumonia can kill. Barium series, fluoroscopy to dx. Patient that deteriorates very fast likely has gastroesophageal intussusception.
• Congenital – Schnauzer, GSD. Feed from elevated platform.
• Acquired – Myesthenia gravis, lead toxicity, hypoadrenocorticism, dysautonomia in cats, esophagitis.
Meningioma – Most common primary brain tumor in cats.
Mesquite Bean Toxicity – Prosopis spp. Must eat large amounts, get addicted if no other food source. Get CHO overload, acidosis. Drool, dysphagia, wt loss, tongue protrusion, intermandibular swelling. Difficult to treat, rumenotomy, B vitamins, fluids w/ bicarb. Get them to start eating something else (even if have to tube).
Metabolic Bone Disease – Reptiles. Ca:P ratio should be 1.2:1 (significantly diff than carnivore diet). Gut loaded insects. Vita D and UV light. Abnormalities reflect nutritional 2 hyperparathyroidism.
Metaclopramide – Central and peripheral antiemetic and prokinetic from esophagus to duodenum. lower esophageal sphincter tone, force of gastric contractions (moves the right direction).
Metaldehyde – Mulluscicide. "Shake and Bake.” Nervous signs include tremor, incoordination, tonic convulsions, salivation, dyspnea, unconsciousness, death dt respiratory failure. Resembles strychnine poisoning. Tx convulsions w/ diazepam. Tx hyperthermia.
Methotrexate - Folic acid antagonist used as an antineoplastic.
Milk Fever – Parturient paresis in cows. Hypocalcemia. Dairy > beef. Due to excess Ca++ fed during dry period (like alfalfa). Body has stored and expects more, can’t free in time of need. More common in mature cattle at or soon after parturition.
• Clinical signs – Afebrile. Prodromal see restlessness, tremor, staggering. Then see recumbent, sternal w/ head turned against back, dry muzzle, dull eyes, muscle tone, flaccid paralysis. Final stage is comatose.
• Treatment – IV calcium gluconate. Administer slowly w/ cardiac ausculation dt cardiotoxicity of calcium. If dysrhythmias heard, stop until rates return to normal.
Milking Machine – Regular vacuum fluctuation. Pressure should be 13 inches Hg, pulsation rate 40-60/min, ratio 40-50 rest:50-60 vacuum. Pressures above or below associated with mastitis.
Moldy Corn Poisoning - Fusarium multiforme fungus. Mycotoxin. Assoc w/ aflatoxicosis, estrogenism, ochratoxicosis, trichothecene toxicosis, and equine leukoencephalomalacia. Equine leukoencephalomalacia see apathy, drowsiness, pharyngeal paralysis, blindness, circling, staggering, recumbency. Lesion is liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of the cerebrum.
Molybdiosis – molybdenum availability of dietary copper, impedes metabolism of tissue Cu, inhibits Cu enzymes, and promotes Cu excretion. Clinical signs include scours, depigmentation, unthriftiness. Tx w/ copper sulfate supplementation. Want Cu:Mo ratio of 6:1.
Monensin poisoning - Poultry coccidiostat. Also used in ruminants feed as a growth promotant. Not used in horses dt toxicity. Toxicity requires a large dose in cattle, a normal dose in horses, and causes death due to heart failure.
Morphine – See Anesthesia. Mu-agonist opiate. Analgesia, antitussive, sedation. Resp depression, emesis, physical dependence, constipation. 2 effects include euphoria, confusion, bradycardia dt central vagal stimulation, peripheral vasodilation, bladder sphincter tone. Causes vasoconstriction in dogs.
Motor Unit - Includes motor neuron, neuromuscular junction and the myofibrils innervated by neuron.
Multiple Myeloma - Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells. Proliferate and invade BM causing destruction of bone. Results in bone pain and pathologic frxs, produces Bence-Jones protein. Clinical signs include bone pain, SC compression, serum hyperviscosity, hyperglobulinemia, hypercalcemia. Tx by serum viscosity. Melpholan is the antineoplastic of choice.
Myasthenia Gravis - Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors which bind to the receptor and Ach. Dogs. Clinical signs include extreme generalized muscle weakness accentuated by mild exercise, megaesophagus. Can be acute, fulminant or episodic. Mimics curare. Dx by measuring serum anti-ACHR antibodies. Tensilon test - short acting anticholinesterase (Edrophonium Cl) see dramatic in strength. Tx is Pyridostigmine (mestinon) which inhibits acetylcholinesterase. LT immunosuppressive therapy.
Mycetoma – Mold pathogens that cause grains, tumefaction, draining tracts. Pseudomycetoma is chronic granuloma usu dt staph.
Mycobacterium avium – Avian TB. Chronic, slowly progessive wasting disease in birds (not respiratory). Dx w/ acid-fast stain of organisms from feces, blood, biopsy. M. tuberculosis in humans is respiratory; dogs also contract repiratory form and should be euthanized dt HUMAN health risk. Cats are usu infected w/ M. bovis and show GI signs.
Mycoplasma - Heavy area of research. Mycoplasma bovis (50%) and others causes nonresponsive clinical mastitis in dairy cows; production. Rapid spread via nasal and vaginal discharge, resistant to antibiotics. Surface protein of bacteria can change, allows host immune system resistance and resistance to abs. Asyptomatic carrier animals. Feedlot cattle get respiratory disease. Lameness and arthritis in bulls off feed testing. M. mycoides causes lameness in goats. Multiple hot swollen joints, weight loss, pyrexia, poor coats.
Myelophthisic Disease – Physical replacement of bone marrow by abnormal proliferation of cells (fibrous, neoplastic). Causes anemia.
Navicular Disease - Chronic degenerative condition of navicular bone and navicular bursa. Unknown etiology, conformational, ischemic. Insidious onset. Hx of intermittent lameness and pointing of affected foot. Flexion test exacerbates lameness. Dx using palmar digital nerve block (eliminates lameness). On rads see degenerative bony changes, synovial invaginations w/ stalks or on abaxial sides of navicular bone, cysts. Tx w/ NSAIDs. PD neurectomy (severe complications possible).
Necrotic Laryngitis – Calf Diptheria. F. necrophorum and H. somnus invade laryngeal ulcers or openings. Diz of young cattle w/ fever, severe inspiratory dyspnea, stertorous breathing. Inflammation of laryngeal mucosa and cartilage. Dirty environments or feedlots. Dx via clin signs, laryngoscopy, endoscopy, rads. tracheostomy. Ddx trauma, IBR, actinobacillosis. Tx w/ sulfonamides or PPG, NSAIDs. Px good for early cases treated aggressively, chronic cases require sx (60% success).
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis – Maternal antibodies produced against RBC antigens of newborn or fetus. Newborn inherits antigen from sire that is not present on dam’s RBC. 1st pregnancy ok, maternal abs from as result of exposure to fetal RBCs in previous pregnancy (or blood tranfusion). Most common in horse and human. Horses, neonate born healthy but show signs of hemolytic anemia w/in hrs, days of birth after ingestion of colostrum.
Neospora caninum - Obligate intracellular parasite of dogs. Found in myocytes, neural cells, dermal cells, macrophages, etc. See polyradiculoneuromyositis, hindlimb paralysis w/ rigid contracture of muscles, ulcerative dermatitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, encephalitis. Dx w/ IFA. Tx unknown.
Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Syndrome – Viruses, Cryptosporidia, enterotoxic E. coli, Salmonella. Major cause of calf loss. Fecal-oral.
Neoplasia – Malignancy criteria include cells in abnormal locations, monomorphic cells that are pleomorphic, macrocytosis, basophilia, abnormal vacuolization, macrokaryosis, anisokaryosis, N:C ratio, multinucleation, mitotic figures, abnormal mitotic figures, variation in nucleoli.
• Epithelial – Benign, carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma. Large cells, round to polygonal, highly cellular, frequent clustering.
• Mesenchymal – Benign or sarcoma, melanoma. Small to medium; do not cluster, tend to be individualized. Spindle, stellate, flag-shaped cells. Low cellularity on aspirates and impression smears, good w/ scrapings.
• Round Cell – LSA, mast cell tumor, TVT, histiocytoma, plasma cell tumor. Small to medium cells, round, highly cellular, no clustering. N:C ratio w/ LSA; purple granules w/ mast cell tumor; peripherally located vacuolization w/ TVT.
Nephrotoxicities – Amikacin, amphotericin B, cis-platinum, ethylene glycol, others.
Neuroleptanalgesia – Profound sedation and analgesia. Achieved w/ combo of tranquilizer like acepromazine and opiod analgesic like fentanyl.
Neurology Notes:
• Lower Motor Neuron signs – Motor neuron, nerve, NMJ, muscle. Paresis/paralysis, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, denervation atrophy, sensory disturbance.
• Upper Moton Neuron signs – Brain and SC. Paresis, Ataxia, Dysmetria, Spasticity (PADS). Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, disuse atrophy. Appearance of abnormal reflexes (crossed extensor reflex).
• Localizing Lesions – Only reflexes localize (reactions go to brain cortex, like menace). Prognosis = deep pain. Cervical (Cl-C5); Cervicothoracic (C6-T2); Thoracolumbar (T3-L3); Caudal lumbar (L4-S2); Sacral (S1-S3). Cauda equina - anus, bladder. Coccygeal. Order of fiber loss vs fxn (PMS-D) = Proprioception > Motor > Superficial pain/Bladder fxn > Deep pain.
o Normal front limbs; normal back limbs - no lesion.
o Tetraparesis – C1-C5 or C6-T2
o Tetraparesis and UMN back – C6-T2
o LMN front; normal back - C5-Tl; brachial plexus.
o LMN front; UMN back - C5-Tl; brachial plexus.
o UMN front; normal back - Brain; Cl-C5.
o UMN front; UMN back - Brain, Cl-C5.
o Normal front; LMN back - L4-S2.
o Normal front, UMN back - T2-L3.
o LMN front; LMN back - 2 lesions - C6-T2 and L4-S2.
o UMN front; UMN back - 2 lesions - Brain/Cl-C5 and L4-S2.
• Intracranial – Mental status abnormal w/ parenchymal disease. Require bigger lesion in forebrain than hindbrain to see signs. Circle to side of lesions.
o Forebrain – contralateral deficits w/ circling; normal to mild ataxic gait
o Hindbrain – ipsilateral deficits w/ circling; moderate to severe paresis seen in gait.
o Vestibular – Central (postural reaction deficits, CN deficits in addition to VII and VIII) vs. Peripheral (strength in post rxn defs, +/- CN defs, clumsy)
• Acute Progressive LMN disorders:
o Tick Paralysis – Dermacentor in N. America. Neurotoxin inhibits release of Ach from NMJ resulting in acute ascending flaccid tetraparesis w/ intact sensation. Non febrile. Resolves after tick removal.
o Botulism – Clostridium botulinum type C. Carrion exposure. Inhibits release of Ach from NMJ resulting in flaccid tetraparesis and CN signs (lack of jaw tone, no swallowing).
o Polyradiculoneuritis – Coonhound Paralysis. Acute flaccid tetraparesis dt inflammation of ventral nerve roots. Resolves in days to weeks.
o Myasthenia gravis - Acute, fulminant. Autoantibodies to Ach receptors. Extreme muscle weakness.
• Noninfectious Inflammatory CNS Disease:
• Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis – Brain signs, multifocal, seizures
• Steroid Responsive Meningoencephalomyelitis – Stilted gait, painful, young
• Breed Specific Meningitis – Pug, Yorkie
• Toxicities affecting NS – organophosphates (mm fasciculations), carbamates (mm fasc), pyrethrins (Na+ channels), metaldehyde (seizures), strychnine (extensor rigidity, inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitter – glycine, from binding to receptor), ANTU, warfarin, bromethalin, lead (poliomalacia, grey matter), narcotics, amphetamines, marijuana, ivermectin, metronidazole (central vestibular disease in high doses), hexachlorphene, ethylen glycol (ataxia, seizures, coma).
• Seizure Disorders – Generalized motor (tonic-clonic) more common than partial motor. <1yr, congenital or inflammatory; 1 to 3-5 yrs – idiopathic; >5yrs – neoplasia. Any age, inflammatory, metabolic (Hepatic Encephalopathy w/ BUN, Alb, bile acids), or toxic.
o Status Epilepsy – treat w/ diaepam first, then phenobarbital, pentobarbital. Maintain with phenobarbital. Use potassium bromide (longer t½ , tx toxicity w/ NaCl) for refractory cases. Assess tx according to blood levels and seizure control.
• Bladder Function Disorders – Bladder vs. urethra and storage vs. emptying. Sympathetic: in trigone, in outside bladder wall. LMN bladder is dribbline urine, assess tail and anal tone as well. UMN bladder is very tight. Detrusor-Sphincter dyssynergia usually indicates SC diz. Treatments: to decrease urethral tone – phenoxybenzamine (sympatholytic), then for bladder emptying - bethanechol (parasympathomimetic).
o Hypogastric n. – sympathetic; bladder wall (storage) and proximal urethra
o Pelvic n. – parasympathetic; S1-3, contracts detrusor muscle.
o Pudendal n. – somatic; S1-3, external urethral sphincter.
Newcastle disease – Paramyxovirus (PMV-1). Aka Exotic Newcastle Disease, Avian Pneumoencephalitis. Virulent strain in chickens, also effects turkeys, wild and caged birds. Not currently in US, but why 30day quarantine in USDA facility reqd for imported birds. REPORTABLE. People can carry in conjuctiva and mm for 48 hours. Why vets can’t go into quarantine stations. Varies in pathogenicity: high (velogenic), moderate (mesogenic), low (lentogenic). Highly transmissible via aerosol, feed, water, fomites. Young more susceptible than older birds.
• Clinical findings - CNS & Respiratory. Gasping, coughing, drooping wings, torticollis, circling, paralysis. Viscerotropic; peracute form; watery diarrhea.
• Diagnosis - History, clinical signs, paired serum samples, virus isolation.
• Treatment - Live virus vaccine.
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity – Cattle affected most frequently. Rumenal flora reduces nitrate to ammonia and nitrite (10X more toxic). Brown blood. Sudden death.
• Clinical signs – Form methemoglobin w/ resulting anoxia. Chocolate-brown blood. Abdominal pain, diarrhea.
• Diagnosis – Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations.
• Treatment – Methylene blue.
Nitrogenous Waste Products – Excreted as ammonia (fish), urea (mammals) or uric acid (birds and reptiles).
Nigrapalladia Encephalomalacia – Yellow Star Thistle (CA) and Russian Knapweek (TX). Causes softening of nigra pallidus, extrapyramidal area of brain. Can’t eat.
Nocardiosis – Nocardia spp. Chronic, noncontagious diz caused by gram+, branching, acid-fast rods found in soil. Transmitted via inhalation, wound contamination, contaminated instruments. Young hunting dogs. Granulomatous abscesses on extremities, suppurative pyothorax, pulmonary granulomas. Tx w/ sx debridement and TMPS.
Oak Bud Toxicity - Quercus poisoning. Consumption of large quantities of young oak leaves or green acorns causes GI and renal dysfunction. Causes pale swollen kidneys, perirenal edema, anorexia, depression, emaciation, rumen stasis, serous nasal discharge.
Old Dog Vestibular Disease - Canine idiopathic vestibular syndrome. Geriatric vestibular syndrome. "Stroke" seen in aged dogs. Cause unknown, peripheral vestibular lesions suspected. Sudden onset of head tilt, nystagmus, rolling, falling, circling. Signs usu regress w/in few days.
Oleander – Digitoxin glycoside. Popular ornamental. Very toxic, 1 leaf will kill 200lb calf. Death dt ventricular fibrillation. Bradycardia, GI upset. Tx w/ atropine for bradycardia, antiarrhythmics (lidocaine, phenytoin, propranolol) for ventricular fibrillation. Supportive for GI upset, including K+ supplementation, activated charcoal, cathartic. Don’t stand near smoke if burning.
Ollulanus tricuspis – Stomach worm. Small nematode. Causes vomiting in cats.
Onchocerca cervicalis - Fistulous withers, dermatitis in horses. Culicoides is vector.
• Clinical signs - Adults reside in nuchael ligament and induce inflammatory rxns. Mineralized nodules. Microfilariae [ ] in skin of ventral midline. Cause scales, crusts, ulceration, alopecia, depigmentation, pruritus.
• Diagnose - Full thickness skin biopsy. Intradermal skin testing for culicoides HPS.
• Treatment – Ivermectin against microfilaria. No tx effective against adults. Fly avoidance and fly control. Stable at dusk and dawn, pyrethrin sprays.
Onion Toxicity - Heinz body anemia. Baby food may have amounts.
Ophthalmology – 70% of tear production occurs in lacrimal gland, 30% in nictitating membrane. Excretion via nasolacrimal puncta and nasolacrimal duct. Aqueous secreted by ciliary body and exits via iridocorneal angle and uveoscleral outflow. Schirmer Tear Test to measure (10-25 mm/min normal).
• Baytril – Assoc w/ idiosyncratic blindness in cats. Avoid or use low dose.
• Coloboma – Congenital eyelid agenesis. Cats, temporal upper lid. Repair w/ pedical flap.
• Dermoid – Congenital, normal tissue in abn location. GSD, St.B, Dachs, Persians. Sx excision.
• Ankyloblepharon – Congenital. Fusion of upper and lower eyelids; physiological until 10-14 days; assoc w/ ophthalmia neonatorum cats w/ neonatal herpes infection.
• Distichiasis – Addl cilia from Meibomian glands (grey line); fine hairs not a problem, cockers esp.; bristle-like hairs (pekingese) require electrolysis or cryosurgery.
• Trichiasis – Normal cilia misdirected to cornea; older goldens and cockers; correct lid deviation.
• Ectopic cilia – Cilia from meibomian glands directed straight at cornea; cause pathology; surgical coring.
• Prolapsed nictitans gland – Cherry eye; young dogs; replace (not remove!) gland.
• KCS – Immune mediated disease of dogs. Aqueous layer deficiency of precorneal tear film. Genetic predispositions (cocker, bull dog, lhasa). Drug related (atropine, sulfas, anesthetics), also canine distemper, CNVII trauma, iatrogenic. Mucopurulent dischg, conjunctivitis, dry eye, red eye, ulcers. Acute or chronic. Dx via STT < 5 mm/min. Medical tx w/ cyclosporine (optimmune) as long as still have some normal fxning gland tissue. Sx tx w/ conjunctival flap, corneoscleral transposition, parotid duct transposition (salive imperfect substitute). No cure.
• CSK – Chronic superficial keratoconjunctivitis. Pannus. Immune mediated disease of GSD, greyhounds. Corneal epithelial cells proliferate and plasma cells infiltrate superficial stroma. Later melanocytes, hisitiocytes and fibroblasts enter cornea, nictitans. Starts in temporal quadrant of cornea. No cure. Tx w/ topical corticosteroids.
• Corneal ulcer – Usually trauma. Pain, red eye, edema, 2 anterior uveitis (neural reflex arc w/ CNV, spasm of ciliary mm). Do STT every time to r/o KCS, fluorescein stain (not solution). Tx underlying cause; topical broad spectrum abs q4-6hrs; neosporin in SA; gentamicin in horses. Corticosteroids contraindicated. Topical atropine as needed for 2 anterior uveitis. Should heal quickly (3-5 days) else re-evaluate.
• Refractory ulcer – Stain under necrotic epithelium; non healing. Debride and tx.
• Dendritic ulcer – Pathognomonic for feline herpes keratitis.
• Descemetocele – Deep ulcer w/ only descemet’s membrane (and endothelium) remain. May have clear bulge. Descemet’s membrane does not stain w/ fluorescein, edges of stroma will take it up. Guarded px, emergency, refer. Can easily result in perforation.
• Uveitis – Uvea includes iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Very vascular. Dt neoplasia, infection (ehrilichia in dogs), FeLV, FIP, FIV, autoimmune diz; horse moon blindness = equine recurrent uveitis, butterfly around optic n. Prostaglandins involved to considerable extent. Pain, BLP, miosis. Tx w/ mydriatic (stropine), topical and systemic corticosteroids,, topical NSAIDs.
• Cataracts – Opacity in the lens. Ddx from nuclear sclerosis which is a normal aging change w/ no effect on vision. Can’t see retina through a cataract. 1 cause in dogs is autosomal recessive inheritance, 2nd most common cause is diabetes mellitus. In cats and horse, 1 cause is uveitis. Only tx is sx removal.
• Lens luxation – Heriditary in terrier breeds, problem w/ zonular fibres. Anterior or posterior. Can cause glaucoma or be 2 to glaucoma. Emergency referral.
• Glaucoma – Incrase in IOP. Acute or chronic, resulting in buphthalmos. Primary glaucoma is hereditary, open angle in beagles and narrow angle (physical obstruction) in cockers. Secondary glaucoma dt other eye conditions such as lens luxation, iris bombé, uveitis, neoplasia. Dx w/ tonometer, normal is 15-28 mmHg. Tx w/ hyperosmotics (20% mannitol), carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), parasympathomimetics (pilocarpine), and adrenergic antagonists. Parasympatholytics are contraindicated (atropine reduces outflow). Sx tx available but suboptimal – do not stick needles in the eye! Enucleation.
• Progressive retinal atrophy - 1 affecting photoreceptors, wasting of retina. Early or late onset. Breed predispositions, autosomal recessive. Night blindness progressing to total blindness, slow PLR, bilaterally symmetric lesions (tapetal hyperreflectivity, optic nerve atrophy, cataracts). Maze test, ERG, blood genetic test. No treatment, will go blind.
• Collie Eye Anomaly – Congenital, inherited simple autosomal recessive, nonprogressive, bilateral asymmetry. Choroidal hypoplasia, coloboma of the optic nerve, retinal detachment and microphthalmia. Seen almost exclusively in collies and shetland sheepdogs.
Organochlorine - Chlorinated hydrocarbon. Insecticides include chlordane, DDT, heptachlor, lindane. CNS stimulants. Seizures. Toxicity manifested by nervous excitement, tremor, convulsions, death.
Organophosphates – Antiacetylcholinesterase resulting in cholinergic over stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system. Too much Ach.
• Clinical findings - Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation (SLUD). Muscarinic signs - hypersalivation, miosis, urination, diarrhea, vomiting, colic, dyspnea. Nicotinic signs - muscle fasciculations, weakness. CNS signs - nervousness, ataxia, apprehension, seizure (uncommon).
• Diagnosis - Cholinesterase activity in blood and brain.
• Treatment - Atropine, 2-PAM. MOA of 2-PAM: reactivates cholinesterase that has been inactivated by phosphorylation 2 to organophosphates. Removes and binds offending phosphoryl group attached to enzyme and is then excreted. Does not work in carbamate poisoning.
Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD) - Disturbance in endochondral ossification. Can result in flap of immature cartilage breaking away from underlying epiphyseal bone. Exposure of subchondral bone to joint fluid is painful and causes lameness. Clinical findings include lameness and 2 DJD. Location of lesions:
• Horse –
o Top 2 jts of tarsus. Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) and lateral trochlear ridge, then medial trochlear ridge of tarsus. Usu bilat and in horses < 1 y.o, biggest, fastest growing. Not lame because not weight bearing structure. See Bog Spavin, increased joint fluid in the tarsocrural joint. Needle stick is contraindicated, not lame, not septic. Tx is arthroscopic sx – have to remove the piece.
o OCD of stifle usu lateral trochlear ridge of the femur (LATR), then medial trochlear ridge of femur, and rarely distal patella. Lame, bunny hop gait. Effusion in weanlings. Dx w/ rads, make lame w/ stifle or hock flexion. Arthroscopic sx.
o Old horse, subchondral bone cyst of medial femoral condyle. OC, not D.
• Pig - Distal ulna, proximal and distal femur.
• Dog - Caudal humeral head. Also lateral and medial femoral condyles; medial humeral condyle.
Ostertagia ostertagi – Medium or brown stomach worm. GI parasite of ruminants. Abomasal invaders.
• Type I ostertagiases – Recent infection. Lambs, calves. Large #’s of adult worms in abomasum. Causes persistent, profuse watery diarrhea. Response to anthelmintics is good.
• Type II ostertagiases - Adult cattle. Large #’s of dormant larvae erupt from abomasal mucosa. Chronic diarrhea, emaciation, high death rate, moroccon leather abomasum.
Otobius megnini – Spinous ear tick of large animals.
Otodectes cyonotis - Ear mite of dogs and cats. Sexual dimorphism as adults. Signs of otitis externa. Thick, brownish-red crusts in ear canal, may have pruritic dermatitis. Dx by microscopic (10x) exam of ear exudate. Tx w/ selemectin (ok in all breeds, don’t use in < 6 wks).
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia – Retrovirus. prevalence in US. Contact w/ fluids. Chronic pneumonia and mastitis. Tx and cull.
Oxyuriasis – Oxyuris equi. Pinworm in horses. Usu < 18mos old, found 1 in terminal end of LI. Gravid females lay eggs in perineum around anus which are irritating. See rubbin of tail and anal regions, broken tail hairs, excoriations, bare patches on buttocks. Scotch tape, look under microscope. Ddx w/ culicoides hypersensitivity.
Pacheco’s Disease – Herpesvirus. Highly contagious acute diz of parrots. Spread by direct contact, aerosol, fecal-oral. Conures are asymptomatic carriers.
• Clinical signs - Weakness, diarrhea, focal necrosis of liver, spleen. Fatal, sudden death in high #s.
• Diagnosis - Intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and spleen. PCR.
• Treatment – If caught early, acyclovir. Tx entire aviary.
• Prevention – Vaccine.
Pancreatitis - #1 cause of biliary tract obstruction in dogs. Dogs from fat, cats from many causes. Schnauzers predisposed dt hyperlipidemia.
• Diagnosis - U/S, rads (if duodenum pushed craniolaterally, pancreatic mass), amylase/lipase.
• DiffDx - Tumor, focal peritonitis.
• Treatment - Fluids and NPO. Avoid sx if possible.
Panosteitis – Young, large breed dogs. Shifting leg lameness, pain on deep, firm palpation. On rads, see intramedullary opacities often near nutrient foramina, transient periosteal new bone formation, cortical thickening. Stress response, bone changes resolve with time.
Papillomatosis – Common in birds. Mucosal warts of oral cavity and vent. “Raspberry” out of butt. Dripping blood in cage. No treatment, waxes and wanes (likely herpesvirus).
Paragonimus kellicotti – Lung fluke. Ova have characteristic flattened operculum at one end. Rads, see signet ring lesions.
Parvovirus in Canines - Viral gastroenteritis, paralysis and ileus of intestines. Wipes out intestinal crypts causing villous atrophy secondarily. Transmission is fecal-oral. Survives in environment for years. Bleach is only effective disinfectant. Salmonella mimics. Major cause of intussusception in dogs.
• Clinical Signs – Most infections clinically inapparent. Vomiting seen 1st, diarrhea later. Leukopenia can be seen.
• Diagnosis – Parvo Site test (can be false- if early in infection). Rads, can appear as obstruction w/ dilated intestines.
• Treatment – IV fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics.
Parvovirus in Pigs - Causes reproductive failure. Early fetal resorption, irregular return to estrus. Reduced litter size, abortion, mummies.
Paspallum Staggers – Dallis grass toxicity, 1 in cattle. Claviceps paspali, ergot parasite. Lysergic acid. in hot, humid weather. Causes cerebellar diz (symmetrical ataxia, head tremor, hypermetria), excitement, beligerant, irritation, exaggerated mvmt. Ears, tail and dew claws slough. Tx w/ supportive care, remove from source. Mow seeds down.
Pasteurellosis – Fowl cholera. Large #’s of water fowl die of systemic diz. Ingestion of Pasteurella from GIT builds up in water while roosting. Also killed from Pasteurella acquired from cat bites dt septicemia. Tx w/ clavamox.
Pasteurization – Vat milk (farm milk fed) is considered safely pasteurized if heated to 145F for 30 minutes.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Congenital heart defect. Ductus arteriosis in fetal circulation bypasses pulmonary circulation; connects between pulmonary artery and aorta. At birth, constricts, pressure changes, closes becoming ligamentum arteriosum. Usually left to right. Continuous washing machine murmur, loudest at aortic valve, often w/ precordial thrill. Bounding femoral pulses. Asymptomatic or left side heart failure signs (cough, tachypnea, exer intol, wt loss). Ligate duct or coils inserted through femoral arterial catheter (less invasive).
• Right to left – lethargy, exer intol, collapse, blue butt syndrome (hind cyanosis, normal front). No continuous murmur. Ligation is contraindicated. Control polycythemia. Long term px is poor.
Penicillin – Bactericidal. G+, some G-. Disrupts cell wall synthesis. See Antibiotics.
Penis – Definitions:
• Paraphymosis – Inability to retract penis. Ace and other phenothiazines can cause in stallions.
• Phymosis – Inability to extend penis.
• Priapism – Persistent erection.
Perianal Fistula – Down sloping of tailhead. GSD, Labs. Medical diz, not sx. Tx w/ antibiotics (metronidazole and baytril) and immunosuppresives (cyclosporine).
Perineal Hernia - Protrusion of hernial sac laterally b/w levator ani and either external anal sphincter or coccygeus muscles. Seen in intact male dogs. Risk for encarcerated bladder (emergency – postrenal azotemia; drain out) or intestine. Tx is sx correction w/ concurrent castration.
Peridontium - Periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, gingiva, cementum.
PGF2 - Lutalyse. Stimulates myometrial activity, relaxation of cervix, inhibition of steroidogenesis by corpora lutea, lyse corpora lutea. t1/2 is minutes. Used in cattle as luteolytic agent for estrous synchronization, pyometra, abortifacient. In swine to induce parturition. Horse for luteolysis and estrus induction. Small animal as an abortifacient, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
Phenothiazine Toxicity – Horses. Heinz bodies in RBCs. In past, commonly used anthelmintic.
Phenoxybenzamine - Alpha-adrenergic blocker, 1 and 2, via competitive inhibition of norepinephrine. internal urethral sphincter tone. Treats hypertension. Contraindicated w/ CHF.
Phenylephrine - Alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic. Used to tx hypotension, ophthalmic to posterior synechia formation, relieve pain associated w/ uveitis.
Phenylpropanolamine - Sympathomimetic. Used for tx of urethral sphincter hypotonus and resulting incontinence in dogs and cats.
Pheochromocytoma – Tumor of adrenal medulla, most common in dog. Secrete excess norepinephrine and epinephrine. See hypertension, hyperglycemia.
Photosensitivity - Lightly pigmented skin hypersensitive to sunlight dt photodynamic agent in skin. Most common cause is hepatogenous photosensitivity, accumulation of phylloerythrin in plasma dt impaired hepatobiliary excretion. See photophobia, skin lesions in exposed areas. To treat, keep inside, corticosteroids.
Physaloptera – Esophageal worm. IH = grasshopper. In dogs, 1 causes vomiting. Patient keeps vomiting until worm is removed with endoscope.
Pig Diarrhea
• Clostridium perfringens, C – Hemorrhagic enteritis in suckling pigs, SI.
• Coccidiosis - Necrosis and villous atrophy of lower SI.
• Cryptosporidium - Causes villous atrophy in lower SI resulting in malabsorptive diarrhea.
• Enteric colibacillosis - Profuse watery diarrhea dt enterotoxin production in nursing and weaners.
• Salmonellosis - Inflammation and necrosis of SI and LI. In pigs, more a septicemic diz. Nursing pigs may get diarrhea, then succumb to septicemia.
• Swine dysentery - Treponema hypdysenteriae. LI. Mucoid diarrhea w/ flecks of blood. 1 week piglets. Lincomysin.
• Rotavirus - Nursing, weaners most common. Villous atrophy in middle third of intestine.
• TGE – Coronavirus. Destroys villous epithelial cells in jejunum and ileum. Profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting.
Pigweed Poisoning – Amaranthus reflexus. If eaten in large quantities, causes nephrosis and fatal uremia in cattle and pigs. Also has high oxalate content and may cause hypocalcemia.
Pilocarpine – Parasympathomimetic. Cholinergic alkaloid, 1 muscarinic. Stimulates smooth mm and glands at postganglionic, cholinergic nerves. Used as an ophthalmic miotic, lasts hours to days. Can alternate w/ mydriatic to break iris-lens adhesion. Principally used to treat glaucoma, drainage angle.
Pine Shavings – Aromatic amins from pine and other soft bedding can induce hepatic microsomal enzyme systems. Not advised for rodents.
Piperazine - Anthelmintic used against ascarids. Paralyzes worm, allow to be passed out w/ feces. Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
Placenta
Bovine = cotyledonary placenta. Fetal membrane slip can be palpated starting at 30 days.
Mares and sows = diffuse placenta
Dogs and cats = zonary placenta
Primates and rodents = discoidal placentas.
Plaque - Yersinia pestis. Gram- bipolar coccobacillus. Safety pin appearance. Flea vector = bubonic plaque. In endemic areas, suspect cats w/ fever, pneumonia, lymphadenitis. Dx w/ blood culture, IFA, ln aspirate. Tx is combo of streptomycin and tetracycline.
Plasmodium – Blood parasite of canaries and penguins. Jumps between spp easily. Indoor or fine screen enclosures.
Platelets – Important role in 1 hemostasis and formation of hemostatic plug. Produced by fragmentation of megakaryocytes in BM, lung and spleen. Lifespan 7-10 days w/ 30% of pool transiently sequestered in spleen. Normally 200,000-500,000, spontaneous hemorrhage when < 30,000. Platelet disorders see petechia, ecchymosis, mucosal bleeding, pale mm, epistaxis, hematuria, organomegaly. Careful venipuncture, blood smear, platelet count, coag factor tests (PT, PTT, ACT, ATIII to r/o DIC), BM exam, ANA, Coombs, platelet fxn tests (platelet aggregation, bleeding time, vWD). Thrombocytopenia from production (BM problem), destruction (IMT, drug induced, infectious), utilization (DIC, vasculitis, septicemia), sequestration (milder, spleno/hepatomegaly).
Pneumocystitis - Causes respiratory signs in mice and rats.
Pneumoperitoneum – On rads, see gas on either side of diaphragm. 1) Perforation, 2) bacteria producing gas, 3) laparotomy/scopy. W/ 1st two, peritonitis.
Pneumovagina – Equine pneumovagina. Wind Sucker. Involuntary aspiration of air into vagina, chronic distention. Assoc w/ infertility. Repair w/ Caslick procedure.
Polioencephalomalacia – Dt thiamine deficiency in ruminants. Usu < 2 y.o. Noninfectious neuro diz caused by thiaminase (vita B1). Thiaminase can be produced by gram+ overgrowth in rumen, bracken fern, moldy feed. Abrupt mgmt changes such as movement from poor to lush pastures, antibiotic changes, low Co in diet. Results in energy in brain, neuronal necrosis, astrocyte swelling, worse in cortex.
• Clinical Signs - Sudden onset. Brain signs in small ruminants. Star gazing, opisthotonos, disturbed gait (ataxia), cortical blindness, tremors, salivation, convulsion, coma, death.
• Diagnosis - Blood thiamine levels. At necropsy, black light.
• Treatment – Thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation in repeated doses, should see dramatic results within 24-48 hrs. Also, antinflammatories, fluid therapy, nutrition, roughage.
• Prevent – Slow mgmt changes, % roughage in diet, feed thiamine HCl - Brewer’s Yeast.
Polyomavirus – Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Virus. Dead birds in nest box, if survive abnormal flight feathers (french molt), can’t fly (ddx B&F diz). In parrots, different clin signs. Healthy, well grown, sudden death w/ hemorrhage all over.
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy – QH and drafts. Female > Male. Mild mannered horses w/ hx of exer intol and rhabdomyolysis, mm fasciculations, dimpling. Draft horses show gait problems, shivering, muscle atrophy. Familial basis suspected. Dx based on muscle biopsy, accumulation of glycogen and abnormal [ ] of polysaccharides. Prevent w/ consistent exercise, high fat diet, min grain.
Portosystemic Shunt - Congenital or acquired. Blood from intestinal tract diverted around hepatic parenchyma and enters systemic circulation via azygos or caudal vena cava w/out undergoing hepatic metabolism. Most common shunts are single intrahepatic (large breed) or extrahepatic shunts (small breed). Yorkies predisposed.
• Clinical signs - Hepatic encephalopathy. Worse just after meal. Impaired liver function. Slow to wake up from anesthesia.
• Diagnosis - bile acids (do pre and post), uric acid. Uric acid calculus in non-dalmation suggestive of liver shunt. Cranial mesenteric arteriography or splenoportography. Ultrasound.
• Treatment - Surgical correction, unless acquired (then compensating for failed liver – fixing would cause deterioration). Medical mgmt of hepatic encephalopathy includes low-protein diet (to lower protein levels and subsequent metabolic ammonium load), lactulose, enteric antibiotics (to prevent colonic ammonium production and systemic absorption) such as oral neomycine.
Potassium – Maximum rate is 0.5 mEq/kg/hr or see cardiotoxicity (K+ will slow/stop heart). K+ shifts intracellularly with increases in insulin, dextrose, or HCO3.
Potomac Horse Fever - Ehrlichia risticii. Equine ehrlichial colitis.
• Clinical signs - Depression, anorexia, monocytic fever, mucous membrane injection, ileus. Diarrhea, colic, laminitis. Transient leukopenia. E. equi in neutrophils, thrombocytopenia, fever.
• Diagnosis - IFA, ELISA, isolation of organism.
• Treatment - Tetracycline.
Poxvirus – DNA virus of birds. Transmitted via mosquitoes or fomite in wound. Dry form – cutaneous diz w/ tumor-like proliferative lesions on face and head. Wet form - oral diz w/ ulcers in oral cavity. Canaries, wild birds, parrots. Host specific. No treatment, nursing care, lesions will go away. Screen in outdoor enclosures.
Praziquantel – Droncit, Drontal. Anthelmintic for tapeworm (cestode) infections. See Anthelmintics.
Pregnancy Ketosis – Cow – Thin or obese lactating dairy cattle w/in days to weeks after calving. Inadequate dietary energy intake during increased requirements of late gestation. CNS, recumbency. Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, ketonuria, inappetence, lethargy or excitability, wt loss, depressed milk production, incoordination. BUN/Crea . Tx w/ glucocorticoids, propylene glycol, grain, and 10-20% glucose IV. Sheep - Diz of preparturient ewes characterized by impaired nervous function. Hypoglycemic encephalopothy, ketosis, acidosis. Ewe leaves flock, inappetant, blind, dehydrated, rumbent, neurological. Dx by ketonuria and fatty liver. Prevent w/ grain in last 6 wks of gestation and exercise.
Pregnancy Toxemia – Common in obese guinea pigs in last few weeks of gestation. Inappetance, depression, dyspnea, laterally recumbent. Px is guarded.
Prevalence = Incidence x Duration. Over time, incident cases become prevelance cases.
Primidone – Hepatotoxic.
Progressive Retinal Degeneration - Group of degenerative retinopathies. Occurs in Irish Setters, Collies, Miniature Poodles, etc. Night blindness early; total blindness later. Bilateral symmetrical tapetal reflectivity, pigmentation of nontapetal fundus, attenuation of retinal vessels, atrophy of optic papilla.
Propantheline – Parasympatholytic, antimuscarinic. Tx of diarrhea, hyperreflexic detrusor, urge incontinence, bradycardia.
Prostatitis – E. coli is most common cause, also Brucella canis. Infection via urethral ascent of bacteria. May also be hematogenous.
• Clinical signs – Systemic illness, caudal abdominal pain, enlarged prostate. Bacteruria.
• Diagnosis – Clinical signs in intact male. Digital rectal exam. Rads.
• Treatment – Antibiotics. In acute infection, blood-prostatic barrier not intact, can use any sensitive antibiotic. With chronic prostatitis, need long-term therapy with a drug that will cross blood-prostate barrier (doxycycline, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin; lactams and aminoglycosides are poor to prostate).
PLE – Chronic small bowel diarrhea w/ Alb. Panhypoproteinemia = gut. If Alf, chol = PLN. If Alb, chol = liver. PLE d/t lymphangectasia, mucosal damage that permeability (IBD, LSA), blood loss (GUE, neoplasia, hooks). Immunoproliferative enteropathy is common cause of PLE in basenjis. Have serum globulin despite intestinal protein loss. If lymphangectasia, tx w/ ultra low fat diet to prevent dilatiation and rupture of lacteals.
• PLE in adult dog – IBD, lymphoma, lymphangectasia..
• PLE in cat – Uncommon. IBD, lymphoma.
• PLE in juvenile dog – parasites, chronic intussusception.
Prototheca – Saprophytic, achlorphyllic algae. Female collies may be predisposed.
Pseudocowpox – Milker’s nodes. Parapoxvirus, related to orf and bovine papular stomatitis. Small, red papules on teats and udders of cows. Scabs, pustules, raised lesions. Infection spreads slowly through herds. Prevent w/ good hygienic measures such as teat dipping. ZOONOTIC, painless, itchy, purplish-red nodules on fingers and hands. Little disturbance and disappear after few weeks.
Pseudorabies – Herpesvirus. Affects all farm animals except horse, affects spp differently. Pigs are 1 host and only reservoir. Can be insidious in pigs and go undetected. Secrete virus in saliva and nasal secretions. Virus travels to brain and respiratory system.
• Clinical findings –
o Pigs: In older pigs, URD and repro failure, usu recover and are carriers. Young pigs, see CNS signs. Highly fatal. “Shaker pigs”.
o Cows: Undergo excitement phase, aggressiveness. Pruritus causing severe self-mutilation. Convulsions, coma, death.
• Diagnosis - History and clinical signs. VI from tonsil, brain, liver, spleen, lung. Serology. Histopath – intranuclear inclusion bodies.
• Treatment – Test and remove. Monoclonal antibody for swine. No tx for ruminants.
• Control - Vaccination.
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease - Debilitating disease of psittacines. Abnormal feathers, beak abnormalities, immunosuppression. Dx via feather follicle biopsy showing intracytoplasmic inclusions. Progressive and usu fatal.
Psittacosis – Chlamydia psittaci. Diz of birds. Reportable. ZOONOTIC. Aerosol transmission.
• Clinical findings - Wt loss, depression, anorexia, diarrhea, lime-green urates, respiratory signs. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, air sac changes.
• Diagnosis – ELISA, titers, intracellular elementary bodies on impression smears of air sac, spleen, liver, pericardium.
• Treatment – Doxycycline.
Psoroptes cuniculi – Mite causing otitis externa in rabbits.
Pullorum Disease – Salmonella pallorum. Infection in birds.
Purpura Hemorrhagica – Vasculitis. Immune mediated hemorrhagic disease characterized by extravasation of blood into tissues, under skin and through mucous membranes. Produces ecchymoses and petechia on skin. Nonthrombocytopenic diz of horses assoc w/ previous S. equi respiratory infection. Mediated by immune complexes of IgA and streptococcal M antigen in vascular basement membranes. Clinical signs include cold, SQ, edematous swellings around head, mucosal petechiation and high heart rate. Affected horses die w/in few days.
Pyoderma - Pyogenic infection of skin, commonly dt Staphylococcus intermedius. Metabolic disorders, immune deficiencies, endocrine imbalances, allergies predispose. Tx w/ antibiotics such as clavamox.
Pyloric Stenosis – Benign. Causes gastric outlet obstruction axxoc w/ hypertrophy of circular muscle fibers of pylorus. Young dogs of brachycephalic breeds, boston terrier at risk.
Pyometra in Large Animals – Cow: Metritis (inflammation of muscular and endometrial layers of uterus) via contamination of uterus during parturition. Tx w/ local and systemic antibiotics. Mare: Uterine lavage, local antibiotics.
Pyometra in Small Animals - Diestral disorder characterized by abnormal uterine endometrium w/ 2 bacterial infection. Progesterone secretion following ovulation promotes endometrial growth, myometrial activity, inhibits WBC response to bacterial infection. E coli is most common cause of pyometra. Exogenous estrogen (mismate shots during diestrus) effects of progesterone and thereby chance of developing pyometra.
• Clinical signs – Systemic illness, purulent vaginal discharge (if cervix open). PU, PD, vomiting.
• Diagnosis - History (ill,diestral bitch). Rads – see stucture between rectum and bladder. U/S.
• Treatment - Ovariohysterectomy. Medical management is possible with PGF2, which causes contraction of the myometrium, relaxation of the cervix and expulsion of the uterine exudate. Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity – Senecio (ragwort), Crotalaria (rattleweed), Heliotropium. Chronic poisoning from small yellow flowers results in hepatic failure in cattle, horse, pigs, and farmed deer. Sheep and goats more resistant (req 20x more). Animals usually avoid, but eat in drought conditions or when in hay. See loss of condition, dullness, diarrhea, constipation, tenesmus. Jaundice, photosensitization, hepatic encephalopathy w/ excitability, staggering gait, circling, dragging feet. Dx via hx, clin signs, necropsy. Animals showing signs rarely recover, remove plant material.
Pythiosis/Phycomycosis – Aquatic mold/fungi of GIT and skin. Gulf coast. Motile zoospores infect damaged tissue. Usu affects young, large breeds. Pylorus, root of mesentery, anus. See vomiting, diarrhea. Dx via rads, biopsy, histopath. Tx w/ complete sx excision. Ddx = perineal hernias, tumors.
Q-Fever - Coxiella burnetti, rickettsial infection. Usu inapparent. Can cause abortion in sheep, goats, cattle. Causes influenza-like diz in man; endocarditis.
Quittor - Chronic suppurative inflammation of lateral cartilage of the third phalanx of the horse. Causes lameness, discharging sinus at coronet. Surgery to remove diseased tissue and cartilage.
Rabies – Rhabdovirus, bullet shaped virus. Highly fatal viral infection of nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal spp. MAJOR ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL. Incubates for wks to mos. Once present, rapidly progressive causing motor irritation, ascending paralysis, mania/dummy.
• Transmission - Via saliva, usu bite wound. In USA skunk, raccoon, bat and fox are important sources of infection.
• Clinical signs - Once present, rapidly progressive.
• Prodromal stage characterized by change in behavior and highly variable clinical signs.
• Excitative or Furious stage characterized by hyperasthesia, tremors, bellows, tenesmus, yawning, circling, aggressiveness, abnormal sexual activity.
• Paralytic or Dumb Stage – Depression, stupor, paralysis. Ascending ataxia of back legs. Paralysis of muscles of deglutition results in drooling and inability to swallow. Death dt respiratory arrest.
• Diagnosis – IFA staining of brain tissue. Autopsy, see negri inclusion bodies in neuron cell bodies.
• Control – Vax under direct vet supervision. Animal must be > 12 wks but < 16 wks old. Wait until central incisors are present in kitten/puppy strays (know at least 12 wks). In right rear limb as close to stifle as possible, SQ. Rabies vaccine alopecia seen in poodles and poodle-like breeds (common, still vax).
Rabbits – Always support back legs when carry or will kick out and can break back. Bucks and does.
Husbandry – Small wire cage, must have board to rest on or will get sore/injured hocks. Eat grass hay, ¼ to ½ cup pellets and ¼ to ½ cup vegetables.
• Anatomy – Teeth continually grow, 2 pairs of incisors. Require dentistry. If in pain and don’t eat, get fatty liver. Can not vomit. Small pylorus, prone to hairballs there. Large cecum. Cecal pellets, B vitamins. Copraphagic. Reach sex maturity at 4-5 mos. Neuter females to prevent litters and uterine adenocarcinoma. Gestation is 30-33 days, rabbits kindle (not whelp) from 4-12 kits. Rabbits feed young SID, not while watching. Venipuncture in marginal ear vein, cephalic, lat saphenous, jugular. Females have double cervix.
• Skin Diz – Mites, ringworm (Trichophyton), barbering (Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parsiovarax). Treponema is rabbit syphilis. Cuterebra in outdoor rabbits on face. Abscesses usu Pastuerella, debride.
• Digestive Diz –
o Teeth – Front and back. Go off feed. Hypersalivate causing moist dermatitis, called “Slobbers”.
o Trichobezoars – Hair balls. Not enough fiber such as feeding exclusively pellets.
o Mucoid enteropathy – Antibiotics, penicillin, erythromicin, lincosin, tylosin. Clostridial overgrowth can kill.
o Fatty liver – When off feed. Must force feed.
• Respiratory – In grown teeth. Pasteurellosis, “Snuffles”. Diz at birth, colonize cervix. Infected for life. Major cause of abscessation. Tx w/ Baytril, TMPS.
• Repro – Double cervix. Uterine cancer common. Pyometra dt Pasteurella. Mastitis dt Staph or E. coli.
• Urinary – Urolithiasis. Ca oxalate crytstalluria if on pelleted diet.
• CNS – Torticollis from otitis media. Pasteurellosis can cause brain abscess. Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Heavy metal tox.
Recurrent Uveitis - Periodic Ophthalmia. Horse. Most cases dt immune-mediated rxns in uveal tract. Leptospirosis, onchocerca microfilaria, brucella, among others. Tx w/ corticosteroids, iridocycloplegic.
Rectal Tears – Mare. Usually iatrogenic during rectal palpation, blood on sleeve. Classified according to tissue layers penetrated.
• Grade I: submucosa or mucosa
• Grade II: rupture of muscular layers only; uncommon
• Grade III: mucosa, submucosa and muscular layers
• Grade IV: perforate rectum into peritoneal cavity; poop in belly. Grave prognosis.
• Treatment – Immediate confirmation via sedation and bare handed palpation. Must act fast to reduce risk of peritonitis and death. Treat Grade I tears with broad spectrum antibiotics, IV fluids, banamine, mineral oil. Higher grades require immediate sx correction. If detect tear, cotton pack cranial to tear, broad spectrum Abs, NSAIDS, pack and ship.
Red Clover – Ingestion of parasitized red clover pasture or hay results in excessive salivation.
Red Maple Leaf Toxicity – Acer rubrum. Horses. Ingestion of wilted leaves, such as after a storm, causes IMHA.
• Clinical signs - Methemoglobinemia, heinz body anemia, intravascular hemolysis. Weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, brownish discoloration of blood and urine. Kidney problems.
• Treatment – No treatment. Methylene blue does not work.
Renal Failure
• ARF – Acute, good body condition, severe metabolic acidosis, glucosuria in absence of hyperglycemia plus active urine sediment (abnormal prox tubule fxn). Normal to K+. Large kidneys. GI disorders.
o Leptospirosis, pyelonephritis, ethylene glycol intox, NSAIDs, aminoglycosides
• CRF – Non regenerative anemia dt epo. Mild to mod metabolic acidosis. Normal to K+. Large kidneys
o Glomerulonephropathy, pyelonephritis, neoplasia, SLE
• Glomerular vs tubular diz - Glucosuria in absence of hyperglycemia plus active urine sediment = Abnormal proximal tubule function. Glomerular diz - Proteinuria w/ inactive urine sediment is hallmark for glomerulonephropathy. With glomerular diz, 1st lose protein, then azotemic, then lose [ ] ability as tubules affected.
Right Dorsal Colitis – Horses dt NSAIDs (Bute). A r/o diagnosis; do not always have diarrhea. Protein losing. Monitor TP when on long term phenylbutazone.
Rhipicephalus sanguineous – Brown dog tick. Transmits babesia, anaplasmosis, ehrlichia.
Rhizoctonia legumincola – Fungus found on clover. Produces alkaloid slaframine (slobber factor). May see only profuse salivation or may include increased lacrimation, urination, defecation. Signs resolve once infected forage is removed.
Rhodococcus equi – Gram+ coccobacillus. Pyogranulomatous pneumonia and lung abscessation in 1 - 6 mo old foals. Transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of contaminated dust. All exposed.
• Clinical signs – Fever, failure to gain, cough, respiratory signs, synovial distention in multiple joints w/ no lameness.
• Diagnosis – Rads, see easter basket abscesses in lungs, mediastinal lymphadenopathy. TTW. BAL. Culture. Chinese letters when stain. WBC (25,000), fibrinogen (900). Ddx from S. zooepidemicus pneumonia which usu in mos old foals w/ mild in WBC (14,000) and mild in fibrinogen (500).
• Treatment - Combination of erythromycin and rifampin. No vax.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Rickettsia rickettsii. Vector is Dermacentor ticks. East coast (D. variabilis), Midwest, and Central Plains, West coast (D. andersoni).
• Clinical findings - Ticks, fever, anorexia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, coughing, abdominal pain, edema, petechiation. Neurological manifestations are common, CNS vasculitis. Altered mental state, vestibular dysfunction, nuchal rigidity, focal retinal hemorrhage.
• Diagnosis - IFA. Many do not have circulating antibodies when signs are 1st seen.
• Treatment - Tetracycline.
Rodents – Mice and Rats
• Skin Diz – Lice, mits, ringworm. Aggressive mouse barbers, will barber others.
• Porphyrins – In tears, looks like blood. Stress of URT problem. Viral, mycoplasma, dirty cage pneumonia, pine and cedar shaving (aromatic oils).
• Mammary tumors – Rats get benign mammary fibroadenoma, mice get malignant mammary adenocarcinoma. Mammary glands are very large, even up and around shoulders.
• Bacillus piliformes – Wet tail. Also see in hamsters. No tx.
Rotavirus – Destroys villous enterocytes of small intestine. Causes diarrhea in piglets.
Rotenone – Insecticide and ascaricide. Heavy doses cause incoordination in pigs, tremors, recumbency, terminal respiratory paralysis. Used against ear mites and demodectic mange.
Roundworms – Ascariasis. Toxacara canis (puppies), T. cati (kittens), T. leonina (adult c/d), Baylisascaris. Ascaris suum in pigs. ZOONOSIS. Visceral larvae migrans – prolonged internal migration of larval parasite in abnormal host dt ingestion of infective L2 eggs. Usu in children < 4yrs w/ pica. L2 migrate to liver, lung, CNS, etc. Do not own raccoons or handle raccoon feces, Baylisascaris causes neuro signs in people. Ocular larvae migrans – granulomatous retinitis resembling retinoblastoma tumor in posterior chamber of eye. Est. 750 children lose vision each year in USA dt OLM. Transplacentally acquired T. canis larvae can be pathogenic in utero or after paturition.
• Clinical signs – Pot belly, lack of growth, poor condition of young. In pigs, migration of roundworms causes “milk spots” on liver.
• Diagnosis – Fecal flotation. Differentiate spherical, pitted Toxocara spp from oval, smooth T. leonina because former has public health significance.
• Treatment – fenbendazole (panacure), pyrantel pamoate (strongid), milbemycine, etc.
Round Cell Tumors – 1) TVT, 2) lymphoma, 3) mast cell tumor, 4) plasma cell, 5) histiocytoma (<5 y.o.).
Ruptured Bladder – In foals, newborn straining to urinate, small amounts, distended abdomen. Blood work shows metabolic acidosis, K+, Na+, Cl-. Abdominal tap creatinine 2x greater in abdomen than in serum. Contrast medium. To tx, drain abdomen w/ concurrent IV fluids, catheterize. In small animals, same. Get stable 1st, do not rush to sx.
Salmon Poisoning - Neorickettsia helminthoeca. Transmitted by Nanophyetus salmincola trematode, intestinal fluke. Oxytrema silicula is snail intermediate host.
• Transmission - Dogs become infected by eating raw or improperly prepared trout, salmon that contains encysted flukes.
• Clinical findings - Sudden onset of high fever. Depression, weakness, anorexia, weight loss. Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, lymphadenopathy.
• Diagnosis - ID fluke ova on fecal exam. Light brown eggs, indistinctly operculated w/ a small knob at one pole. Demonstration of intracellular rickettsia on lymph node aspiration.
• Treatment – Supportive. Praziquantel. Sulfonamides, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol.
Salmonellosis –ZOONOTIC. Most asymptomatic. Organic matter, feed and fomites. Fever, foul smelling, bloody feces. Produces fibrin production and necrosis of colonic mucosa. Cytology is nondiagnostic. Protracted shedding w/out appropriate tx. Low mortality. Dairy > beef cattle. Tx w/ antibiotics (ceftiofur) and NSAIDs. Vax in cattle.
In rodents, Salmonellosis typhimurium is serious pathogen w/ no effective immunization. Eliminate colony and obtain replacements from noninfected source. Turtles are a major source of infection instituting federal regulations banning interstate shipment of baby turtles.
Salt Poisoning - Excessive quantities of salt ingested w/ concomitant water deprivation. Causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in pigs. Neurologic signs. Dx via plasma and CSF sodium concentration. Tx w/ small amounts of water at frequent intervals.
Sarcocystis – TX, gulf coast. DH = opossums, shed in feces. Insect fomites move into avian food. Birds ingest spores and die of fulminant pulmonary edema. EPM w/ S. neurona, #1 neuro diz of equine.
Sarcoids - Most common tumor of horses. Hairless fibroid tumors that frequently ulcerate, look like large warts, recur after excision, occur most commonly on lower legs. Can occur anywhere on body. Tx w/ cryosurgery (liquid NO2, CO2), hypothermia, radiation, immunotherapy w/ cisplatinum or BCG (bacille billié de Calmette-Guérin). Periocular sarcoids are best treated w/ multiple injections of BCG, success rates can reach 100%.
Scabies – Sarcoptes scabiei in dogs, Notoedres cati in cats. ZOONOTIC. Ears, elbows, hocks. Usu found in large quantities, superficial skin scraping. Tx w/ selemectin, ivermectin, lime sulfur dips.
Schiff-Scherrington Syndrome – Acute, severe, compressive thoracolumbar disease. Hyperextension of thoracic limbs w/ paralyzed pelvic limbs. Interference of pathways from inhibitory neurons in cranial lumbar region to provide inhibition to thoracic limb extensor muscles. Usu dt trauma or herniated IVD.
Scrapie – Prion. Sheep (Goat = Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis, Mad Cow Disease). Prolonged incubation. Severe pruritus, CNS, emaciation, death. No treatment. Reportable. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans?
Sebaceous Adenitis
• Standard poodles - Congenital, heritable, scaling disorder. Attacks sebaceous glands. Lesions confined to haired skin. Bad hair coat. No cure. Can improve some w/ topical tx.
• Akitas – Highly inflammatory. May respond to synthetic retinoids.
Septic Arthritis – Gram- in foals, hematogenous spread via umbilicus. Gram+ in adults, Staph, dt sx, skin, etc. Tap joint, communication? C&S, cytology, lavage.
Septicemia in Foal - Actinobacillus equuli, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. Gram- infections most common.
Sertoli Cell Tumor – Testicular tumor. Excess estrogens secreted. Most common in dog. See feminization of the male.
Serum Sickness - Systemic reaction that occurs in response to certain drugs. See lymphadenopothy, neuropathy, vasculitis, nephritis, arthritis, urticaria, fever.
Sesamoid Bones of the Stifle – Patella - Ossification in tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris. Protects the tendon. Fabella - Two located in heads of gastrocnemius on medial and lateral condyles. The third is intercalated in tendon of popliteus muscle.
Shoe Boil - Elbow hygroma. Fluid-filled, painless, SQ swelling over point of elbow involving formation of false bursa.
Sialocele - Accumulation of mucoid saliva in tissue after salivary gland or duct has been damaged. Sublingual gland most commonly involved. Saliva usually collects at intermandibular or cranial cervical area (cervical mucocele). May collect in sublingual tissues on floor of mouth (ranula). Surgical removal of mandibular-sublingual gland complex.
Sinusitis – In equine. 1 bacterial sinusitis – unilat nasal dischg, young horse; rads show fluid lines in sinuses; trephine, lavage and drain; sys Abs based on C&S. 2 sinusitis usu dt dental disorders; 4th PM, 1st and 2nd molar; tooth repulsion, flap sinusotomy.
Sole Ulcer – Progression is trauma, hemorrage, necroses, laminitis. Wet environment, heritable. Inside-out phenomenon. Hind lateral claw. Aggressive debridement, trim claws, do not breed.
Sorghum Cystitis – Toxic degneration of SC dt ingestion of green fresh sudan X sorghum or johnson grass. Low grade prussic acid toxicity (jake leg wood alcohol in people). Combo of posterior ataxia and cystitis. Urine scald, penile paralysis, arthyrogryposis in fetus. No tx, do not recover.
Spirocerca lupi – Spondylosis and mass in thorax/esophagus. IH = dung beetle via chicken entrails. Tx w/ Dormamectin.
Spleen Enlargement – Acute and chronic leukemia, systemic mastocytosis, malignant histiocytosis, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma. Barbituates.
Splints - Inflammation of interosseous ligament b/w small and large metacarpal bone of horses. Accompanying periostitis and exostosis production on metacarpal bone. Lameness during development of splints after animal is worked. Tx is complete rest or exostectomy/ostectomy.
Sporotrichosis - Sporothrix schenckii. Highly ZOONOTIC, major public health risk. Chronic granulomatous cutaneous nodules. In cats, lots of organism, draining lesion. Difficult to find organisms in dogs/horses. Pleomorphic, cigar or football shaped organisms, 2-4m, intracytoplasmic basophilic w/ clear thick halo. Tx w/ SSKI (super-saturate potassium iodide) or itraconazole.
Staphylococcosis – Food born enterotoxin.
Steatitis – In reptiles, caused by too much fat and too little vitamin E and selenium in the diet.
Sterilization – Thermal = 121C for 15min at 15psi. Chemical = gas, ethylene oxide. Inactivates protein. Not used dt chromosomal defects and skin irritation in humans.
Stomach Tumors – Most are bad, biopsy to be sure. Leiomyosarcomas are treatable. Ulcers/erosion – amount of blood does not correlate to size. Gastric ulcers in equine very common. NSAIDs can cause gastric ulcers and right dorsal colitis, also renal impairments (dt decreased blood flow through prostaglandin pathway).
Streptococcus equi equi - Strangles in horses. Contagious URT disease usu in weanlings and yearlings transmitted by fomites and contact. Bastard strangles is same diz elsewhere. Immune mediated reactions can occur such as purpura hemorrhagica, myositis, muscle wasting.
• Clinical signs – Fever, lethargy, mucopurulent nasal discharge. Abscessation of submandibular and retropharyngeal ln and gutteral pouches (chondroids). Ddx from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis which causes ln abscessation, esp in pectoral region.
• Diagnosis – Hx, clin signs, culture from abscess/ln. Isolate organism for definitive dx. Treatment – PPG unless ln abscess, then enhance maturation and drainage.
• Control – Vaccine, IM or IN.
Streptococcus zooepidemicus - Causes upper respiratory tract infections in horses. Often 2 invader.
Stress Leukogram – Mild, mature neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, moderate monocytosis (dog).
Stringhalt – Unknown etiology. Involuntary repetitive exaggerated flexion of hock. Slamming foot down on ground. Tx w/ tenectomy of lateral digital extensor.
Strongyloides westeri – Larvae passed in milk to foals. Infection by day l0.
Strongyloides vulgaris – Large strongyles. Infection via ingestion of infective larvae. Prepatent period 6-11 mos. Larvae migrate via cranial mesenteric artery. May develop thromboembolism, leads to colic. Dx via eggs in feces. Tx w/ ivermectin.
Strychnine – Rodenticide. CNS stimulant. Inhibits glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. See severe tetanic seizures.
Sulfonamides – G+, G-. Competitively inhibit folic acid synthesis. Bacteriostatic. Broad spectrum. Many bacteria have developed resistance. Sulfas may cause KCS. Most drug side effects of all Abs.
Surgical Pack - 121C (250F) for 15 minutes.
Suture Types -
• Absorbable – Lose tensile strength w/in 60 days after implantation. Lose strength more rapidly than disappear from tissue.
• Catgut – Multi, natural. 60% loss by 28d; 80% loss by 60d. Most reactive of all suture mtrls, esp in cats. Intense infl rxn. Don’t use in infected wound, to close the stomach, or in vascular areas.
• Polyglycolic acid – PGA, Dexon. Multi, synthetic. Essentially 100% loss by 21 d, accelerated in urine. Poor knot security, don’t use to close bladder.
• Polyglactin 910 – Vicryl. Multi, synthetic. 50% loss by 14d, 80% loss by 21 d. More predictable tensile strength, can use in bladder. Fair knot security, min tissue rxn.
• Polydioxanone – PDS. Mono, synthetic. Longer tensile strength than other absorbables. 26% loss by 14d, 42% by 28d, 86% by 56d. Up to 6 mos for complete absorbtion. Min tissue rxn.
• Poliglecaprone 25 – Monocryl. Mono, synthetic. Strongest tensile strength originally, but loses quickly. After 2 wks, only 25% strength maintained. Do not use to close body walls (heals slower than other tissues). Good for SQ.
• Nonabsorbable – Maintain tensile strength for longer than 60d after implantation.
• Silk – Multi, natural. Ideal handling. Most reactive of all nonabsorb. Nidus for calculi in lumens/bladders. Do not use in contaminated wound, GIT, bladders.
• Nylon – Ethilon is mono, Surgilon is multi. Synthetic. Poor knot security (min 5 throws). Possesses memory. Min tissue rxn, but don’t use in joints b/c stiff.
• Polymerized Caprolactam – Supramid. Vetafil. Multi, synthetic, coated. No tensile strength loss, good knot security. Use only on skin surface, do not implant.
• Polypropylene – Prolene. Surgilene. Mono, synthetic. No tensile strength loss, excellent knot security (locking action). Least reactive and least thrombogenic; often used in CV sx. Bit slippery to handle.
• Stainless Steel – Metallic, mono or multi. Highest tensile strength of all suture mtrls. No loss. Absolute knot security. Least reactive except for irritation from inflexible ends. Fair to poor handling.
• Selection of suture materials – Wounds do not gain strength until 4-6d postop. Visceral wounds heal rapidly (max strength 14-21d) so absorbable usu. Fascial wounds heal very slowly, can use absorbable like PDS, but nonabsorable may be more appropriate. Skin wounds heals slowly (not quite as slow as body wall). Nonabsorbable sutures indicated. Do not use multifilament, nonabsorbable in contaminated wound. Size of suture material – smallest is 10-0 down to 0 then upto 6 is largest.
• Skin and SQ – 3-0 to 4-0 in SA; 0 to 3-0 in LA
• Fascia and muscle – 0 to 3-0 in SA; 1 to 2 for linea alba in LA, 2-0 to 1 in muscle fascia.
• Ligation of small vessels – 3-0 to 4-0 in SA; 0 to 3-0 in LA.
Suture Patterns –
• Interrupted – Every suture has a knot assoc w/ it. Lose efficiency, gain accuracy
o Simple Interrupted – Appositional. Good cosmesis. 2 tissue penetration points.
o Mattress – At least 4 tissue penetration points. More stable in tissues.
Horizontal mattress – Everting. Square. Do not use as tension (local ischemia).
Vertical mattress – Appositional. Far-far-near-near. Tension relieving suture.
Cruciate – Appositional. Forms an X when tied. 2x as fast as simple interrupted.
Halstead – Inverting. 8 pts, far-near-near-far-over-far-near-near-far. Secure; friable tissues.
Lembert – Inverting. Far-near-near-far. Use viscerally, not in skin. Uterus, bladder, stomach.
• Continuous – Only 1st and last stitches are tied. Less time, but whole line can loosen, less apposition.
o Simple Continuous – Everting. Often used for SQ. “Whip stitch”.
o Continuous Lock – Everting. Blanket stitch. Inside loops.
o Horizontal mattress – Everting.
o Lembert mattress – Inverting. 2nd closure layer of visceral wounds. Non-lumen penetrating.
o Cushing – Inverting. 1st layer of clsure of visceral wounds. Non-lumen penetrating.
o Connell – Inverting. Closure of visceral wounds. Like Cushing, but full thickness into lumen.
o Purse String – Inverting. Temp or perm clusre of lumina.
Sweet Clover – Melilotus alba. Hemorrhagic diz from consumption of toxic quantities of spoiled sweet clover. Causes coumarol poisoning. Results in prolonged clotting time, spontaneous hemorrhage, fatal anemia. Tx w/ vitamin K (Kl, phytonadione is more effective than K3, menadione).
Swine Dysentery - Serpulina hypdysenteriae. Mucohemorrhagic LI diarrhea of pigs. Mucoid diarrhea w/ flecks of blood. Dx based on clin signs, characteristic lesions in LI, isolation of organism. Tx w/ antibacterials such as Lincomycin.
Symblepharon - Adhesion of eyelid to eyeball.
Sytemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) – Diagnose LE cells in synovial fluid.
SwineVesicular Disease – Vesicular disease. REPORTABLE. Enterovirus of picornavirus family. Transient disease of pigs. Important b/c must differentiate from FMD. Transmitted via direct contact or feeding of infected pork. Pig does not lose condition and lesions heal rapidly. Dx ELISA.
Tapeworms – Cestodes. Diplidium caninum, double pored dog tapeworm from fleas. Taenia taeniaeformis from cats w/ access to infected mice/rats. Echinoccus granulosus, the hydatid tape, from near sheep, wild ungulates, wild canids. Rarely cause serious disease.
• Clinical signs - Depend on age, condition, degree of infection, breed. Unthriftiness, malaise, big appetite, shaggy coat, diarrhea.
• Diagnosis – Proglottids in feces and bedding. Eggs on fecal floatation.
• Treatment – Praziquantel (Droncit). Epsiprantel (Cestex). Fenbendazole (Panacure) only effective against Taenia spp.
• Control – Flea control for D. caninum. ZOONOSIS. Cook beef (T. saginata) and pork (T. solium) well. D. caninum from humans ingesting Ctenocephalides felis flea; adult tapeworm may develop in SI.
Taurine Deficiency - Generalized retinal degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy in cats.
TEME - Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. Hemophilus somnus. Acute septicemic diz of CNS and eye. Occurs in cattle. Transmission is aerosol and briefly in urine.
• Pathogenesis - Organism circulates in bloodstream. Causes DIC, severe vasculitis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, infarction.
• Clinical signs – Fever followed by CNS signs. Blindness, weakness, ataxia, recumbency. Hemorrhagic infarcts on brain, synovitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, pericarditis. Retinal hemorrhage.
• Diagnosis - Clinical signs and necropsy.
• Treatment - Penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline; bacterin.
Tendons – Equine. Superficial digital flexor tendon on outside; if cut, drop in fetlock w/ toe on ground. Next inward is deep digital flexor tendon; if cut in addition, deeper drop in fetlock w/ toe elevated. Then interosseous ligament; if cut all three, fetlock on the ground completely.
• Contracted tendons – Ballerina tiptoes, deep digital flexor tendon (attaches to P3). Tx by cutting distal inferior check ligament. If knuckle over, superficial digital flexor tendon (attaches to top of P2).
• Lax tendons – Foal w/ ankle on ground. Confine, time, rest. Heel extensions. Do not support bandage, makes weaker.
• Bowed tendon – Superficial digital flexor tendon inflammation and swelling; racehorses. NSAIDs, ice/heat, rest.
Tetanus – Clostridium tetani. Lockjaw. Produces neurotoxin in necrotic tissue. Blocks release of GABA/glycine from inhibitory interneurons. Horses most sensitive, cats least sensitive mammal. Dogs relatively resistant, birds and pigs resistant.
• Pathogenesis - Found in soil and intestinal tracts. Intro to tissue via deep puncture wounds, docking, castration, etc. Spores only grow in necrotic tissue. Toxin absorbed by motor nerves in area and pass up nerve tract to SC, causing ascending tetanus. Toxin interferes w/ release of neurotransmitters causing spasmodic, tonic contractions of voluntary muscles. Incubation is 14 days, then see clin signs.
• Clinical signs - Tonic spasms, hyperesthesia. Erect ears, tail stiff and extended, 3rd eyelid prolapsed, sawhorse stance, sardonic grin. Ears pulled back and bulgy eyes. Slower the onset of clinical signs, better the prognosis.
• Treatment – Penicillin, TLC. Long recovery.
• Control - Tetanus toxoid as preventative or on fresh wound. Antitoxin if unknown vax history or old, contaminated wound. Antitoxin is not effective once toxin has bound to nerves. Phenobarbital and acepromazine are sometimes helpful in mgmt of those cases.
Tetrology of Fallot – Most common defect that produces cyanosis. Includes 1) pulmonic stenosis, 2) high ventricular septal defect, 3) right ventricular hypertrophy, and 4) overriding aorta. Stunted growth, exer intol, cyanosis, collapse, seizures. Usually w/ murmur (dt pulmonic stenosis). blockers, control polycythemia. Sx correction rarely performed. Px guarded. Pentology of Fallot would add atrial septal defect.
Theiler’s Disease – Idiopathic Acute Hepatic Disease; Serum Hepatitis. Most common cause of acute hepatitis in horse. Associated w/ tetanus antitoxin (or contact w/ horse that recently received TAT) and admin of equine immune serum. Usu in adults, most common in broodmares 1-3 mos post foaling. Clinical signs include hepatic insufficiency, icterus, hepatic encephalopathy (yawning), dark urine, photosensitivity. Tx w/ supportive therapy and tx of encephalopathy – often successful. Prevent by careful admin of TAT – only when needed for prophy or if tetanus toxid immunization absent or unknown.
Thelazia – Eyeworm. Parasites of conjunctival sac. Deposited by Musca flies feeding on ocular secretions. Causes conjunctivitis, lacrimation, blepharospasm, and keratitis. Remove parasites with forceps, ocular levamasole solution.
Thoracic Duct - Duct beginning in cisterna chyli and emptying into venous system at junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. Acts as a channel for collection of lymph from portions of the body caudal to diaphragm and from left side of body in front of diaphragm.
Thoroughpin - Tenosynovitis of the deep flexor tendon of hindleg. Soft, nonpainful swelling above point of hock and on medial and lateral aspects of hock. No lameness.
Thromboembolic disease - Occurs in cats associated w/ cardiomyopothy. Embolus occurs most frequently at distal aortic trifurcation.
• Clinical findings – Paralysis, pain, pallor of affected paws, paresthesia, cyanotic nail beds, absence of femoral arterial pulses, cold extremities. Anterior tibial and gastrocnemius mm become hard due to ischemic myopathy. Cardiac abnormalities - heart murmur, supraventricular arrhythmics, left atrial and ventricular enlargement, congestive heart failure.
• Treatment - Manage heart failure. Heparin to prevent further thrombosis. Aspirin.
Tonsillar Tumor - Squamous cell carcinoma in dogs and cats. Unilateral, irregular, firm ulcerated mass. Poor px dt metastasis to retropharyngeal or mandibular lymph nodes. [Bilateral symmetric tonsillar enlargement caused by lymphosarcoma].
Toxocariasis – See Roundworms.
Toxoplasmosis – Toxoplasma gondii, coccidian protozoan. Definitive host = cat. Intermediate host = many vertebrates, including rodent, domestic farm animals, and man. ZOONOTIC. Many humans have antibodies (25-50%). High risk humans are pregnant (between month 2-6) or immunosuppressed. Transmission via oocysts passed in feces of susceptible cats for 3-21 days following infection. Oocysts sporulate in 2-4 days and become infective. Oocysts very resistant and survive in environment for years. Important cause of abortion in sheep and humans.
• Clinical signs – Usually asymptomatic in cats, may see fever, malaise. Pregant human – miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects, fetal leukoencephalomalacia. Ocular problems.
• Transmission - Previously unexposed pregnant animals can develop parasitemia w/ spread of infection to fetus. Most toxoplasma infections acquired after birth dt ingestion of undercooked meat, oocyst contaminated soil (gardening), or unpasteurized goat milk. Latent toxoplasmosis may become active following immunosuppression.
• Diagnosis – Serology. 4 fold in IgG over 4 wks or single IgM increase. {4 fold in IgM titers in cats indicate active infection and potential public health risk. Rising IgG titers indicate active infection. High IgG levels indicate past infection in cats and immunity.} Tissue biopsy w/ active organism = definitive dx. Fecal float (rarely dx).
• Treatment - Seldom warranted. Systemic infection in dogs and cats, use Clindamycin. For oocyst shedding by cats, Clindamycin, Monensin.
• Prophylaxis - Do not feed cats raw meat. Dispose of litter daily. If pregnant, avoid contact w/ cat litter, undercooked meat, contaminated vegetables, gardening, goats milk. Clean litter box daily and wash hands after cleaning. Cover children’s sandboxes.
Transmissible Gastroenteritis – Coronavirus. Viral disease of small intestine in pigs of all ages. Transmission is aerosol. TGE results in severe villous atrophy of jejunum and ileum. Vomiting initial sign. Profuse watery diarrhea. Severe dehydration. Dx based on clinical signs and TFA of SI. Tx is supportive, feed sow TGE-infected intestine 2-4 weeks before farrowing.
Transmissible Venereal Tumor - Cauliflower-like tumor located on exterior genitalia. Can be found in oral/nasal cavity as well. Spontaneous regression. Metastasis uncommon (5%). Chemotherapy tx of choice. Vincristine. Px for remission good.
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis - Hardware disease. Results from perforation of reticulum by swallowed metallic objects. Dairy > Beef (dt diet and environment).
• Clinical findings – Acute drop in milk production and rumen stasis. Acute local peritonitis, usu. Pleuritis, pericarditis, liver or splenic abscess, sudden onset rumenal atony, drop in milk production. May grunt on pressure of xiphoid. Can have signs of pericardial effusion and congestive heart failure (brisket edema, distended jugular veins).
• Diagnosis - Based on history and clinical findings. Hyperfibrinogenemia and hyperglobulinemia (if chronic). Classic signs disappear after few days and harder to dx.
• Treatment – Medical, rumen magnet (recommended in all dairy cattle), approved parenteral antibiotics. Surgical, rarely done, rumenotomy, pericardectomy (5th rib resection).
Trichinosis – Trichinella spiralis, nematode. Parasitic diz of public health importance, ZOONOTIC. Human infection via ingestion of encysted larvae in insufficiently cooked pork. Often undiagnosed in domestic and wild animals. In man, see 3 phases – intestinal, muscle invasion, convalescent and occasionally death. ELISA to detect anti-Trichinella antibodies. Rodent and carcus control. Cook garbage fed to pigs. Meat inspection. Cook pork to >137F. Can also freeze or heat to kill trichinae before market.
Trichomoniasis - Tritrichomonas feotus. Venereal disease of cattle characterized by early fetal death (repeat breeding and prolonged calving interval), infertility, and postcoital pyometra. Found in genital tract of cow and bull. Transmission by AI can occur. Bulls remain permanently infected unless treated. Cows remain infected throughout pregnancy and 3 mos following pregnancy, then are free of infection. Dx w/ In pouch test from bull prepuce. Find organism in placental fluid, stomach of aborted fetus, prepuce. Tx by culling bulls and resting heifers 3 mos. AI w/ semen free of T. foetus. In pigeons and birds of prey causes caseous lesions in oral cavity.
Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity – Best test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (maldigestion) in dogs. [ ] of TLI in serum reflects releases of trypsinogen from pancreatic acinar cells. Subnormal values indicate inadequate pancreatic exocrine secretion.
Tyzzer’s Disease – Clostridium piliforme (used to be Bacillus piliformis). Motile, filamentous, gram-, sporeforming, obligate, intracellular bacterium. Oral exposure to spores, contact or contaminated feces results in acute focal bacterial hepatitis seen in many animals. Low glucose, elevated liver enzymes. Death is rapid, esp in young foals. On necropsy see focal areas of necrosis seen in liver, myocardium and intestines, paintbrush hemorrhage, hepatomegaly.
Upward Fixation of the Patella – Equine. Drag toe, can’t flex, then suddenly pops. Used to cut medial patellar ligament to repair, now suggest rest and exercise to strengthen surrounding muscles. In cattle, Brahmen are predisposed. Desmotomy of medial patellar ligament transection of vastis medialis mm.
Urinary Tract Obstruction – Blocked tomcat. Postrenal azotemia. Hyperkalemic myocardiotaoxicity and metabolic acidosis. Tx w/ fluid therapy and unblock.
Urine Spraying in Cats – Often behavioral. Infection should be assessed. Tx w/ diazepam, megestrol acetate, buspirone. Also amitryptyline (causes dry mouth and urinary retention).
Urolithiasis – Can be composed of single crystalloid, mixed or compound. Usu small breed dogs and dalmations. Most 3-7 yrs old. Urocystoliths – usu female, struvite w/ UTI. Urethral calculi – usu male w/ obstruction. Metabolic problems lead to excess crystalloid in urine, small, radiodense. To remove, can perform sx extraction, voiding urohydropropulsion (if small enough to pass thru urethra), lithotripsy (uncommon in vet med), dissolution.
• Struvite - Magnesium ammonium phosphate. UTI (urease producing bacteria) leads to alkaline urine, usu in females. Form urocystoliths, palpable cystitis. Most radiodense. Dissolution - can increase solubility of crystalloid by modifying pH. Tx w/ ampicillin (acidifying), calculolytic diet (s/d), restrict protein, phosphate and magnesium intake. Promote diuresis.
• Oxalate – Calcium Oxalate. Forms in acidic urine, hypercalciuria. Renal leak, 1 hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemic disorder. Radiodense. Surgical extraction required, will not dissolve. To prevent: If absorptive problem, limit Ca+ intake (u/d, w/d); if renal leak, thiazide diuretics. Potassium citrate to maintain pH. Promote diuresis.
• Cystine – Defective reabsoption of amino acids by renal tubules results in insoluble, acidifying cystiuria. Usually male. Moderately radiodense. Alkalinize urine w/ potassium citrate, low protein diet (u/d), thiol drugs to increase cystine solubility (D-penicillamine, N-2-mercaptopropionyl).
• Urate – Dalmation, English Bulldogs, portocaval shunt dogs. urate excretion, acidifying. Dissolve or sx removal. Feed purine restricted diet, nonacidifying diet (u/d) to urate output, promote diuresis. May add bicarb to diet. Allopurinol to hepatic conversionof xanthine to uric acid.
Uterus Unicornis – Long periods of anestrus in cow. 2 ovaries, 1 uterine horn. CL lasts dt lack of luteolytic signal from adjacent uterine horn.
Vagal Indigestion - Lesions that involve vagus nerve of forestomach and abomasum cause varying degrees of paralysis. Results in delayed passage of ingesta, distention of abdomen, anorexia, passage of small amounts of soft, pasty feces. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is most common cause. Results in acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Poor response to tx. Rumenotomy for temp relief.
Vascular Ring Anomaly – Persistent Right Aortic Arch. Dog and cat. Esophagus entrapped extraluminally. Regurgitation of solid food. Dx w/ rads, see dilated esophagus cranial to heart, aspiration pneumonia. Sx. Feed from elevated platform. Ddx – stricture, FB, diverticulum, megaesophagus (careful).
Ventricular Septal Defect – Relatively common in cats. Most common congenital cardiac anomaly in horses. Heritable in miniature swine. Shunting of blood from L to R dt left sided pressures. Systolic murmur in R 4th ICS usu w/ thrill, may be absent if very large defect. Pulmonary aa and vv enlarged. Depending on size of defect, may see significant circulatory derangements and acute L sided congestive heart failure. If resistance and blood starts shunting R to L, called Eisenmenger’s Complex (see cyanosis, fatigue, exer intol). Dx w/ rads, echo. Do not breed.
Vesicular Diseases – Clinical signs indistinguishable b/w diseases. Fever, excessive salivation, lameness seen dt vesicular lesions of mouth, tongue, oral mucosa, soles, coronary band and b/w toes. REPORTABLE. Garbage and fish should be cooked before being fed to pigs. DDXs: MCF, Renderpest, BVDV, Blue Tongue.
• Foot and Mouth disease – Aphthovirus in picornavirus family. Ruminant, swine. Test and slaughter.
• Vesicular Stomatitis – Rhabdovirus. Horses, cattle, and pigs. Arthropod vectors.
• Vesicular Exanthema – Calicivirus. Swine only. (Sea lions).
• SwineVesicular Disease – Enterovirus of picornavirus family. Transient diz of pigs.
Vesicular Exanthema – Vesicular Disease. REPORTABLE. Calicivirus. Swine only. Acute, highly infectious, febrile disease. US declared VES free in 1959. 1972, indistinguishable virus found in San Miguel sea lions.
Vesicular Stomatitis – Vesicular Disease. REPORTABLE . Rhabdovirus. NJ and Indiana subtypes. Infectious disease of horses, cattle, and pigs. Spreads rapidly, but not as contagious as FMD. Transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies and via movement of animals. Dx ELISA. Serious diz because looks like others. No specific treatment.
Vitamin A Deficiency – Lack of green feed. Liver is storage organ. Colustrum is calf source. Blindness, ill thrift, repro probs. Dx by history, clin signs, necropsy, [vitaA], [beta carotene]. Tx w/ vita A injection or oral prep.
• In Avian – Deficiency turns mucous membranes into skin, multiple “abscess looking” lesions in oral cavity, respiratory signs. Due to all seed diet.
• Also a vitamin A responsive primary seborrhea.
Vitamin C – Guinea pigs require dietary vitamin C.
von Willebrand’s Disease – Most common inherited bleeding disorder in dogs. Deficiency of vWF causes platelet binding to vessels. Appears clinically as platelet defect, but platelet # and fxn are normal. Common in DPs. vWF circulates w/ factor VIII. May be assoc w/ hypothyroidism.
Waardenburg-Klien Syndrome – Cats. Blue eyed albino assoc w/ deafness. Dt melanoblast migration.
Water Consumption – Normal water consumption is 20-40 mls/pound/day.
Whipworms – Trichuriasis. Trichuris vulpis. 40-70mm long w/ slender anterior and thick posterior. Inhabit cecum. Direct life cycle w/ ingestion of infective eggs, larvae develop in jejunal wall, adults mature in cecum in approx 3 mos.
• Clinical signs - Asymptomatic to wt loss and diarrhea. Fresh blood in feces, anemia. Can see Na+, K+ which mimics addison’s.
• Diagnosis – Direct fecal and floatation, see thick shelled eggs w/ bipolar plugs. Heavy ova; periodic shedders.
• Treatment – Fenbendazole (Panacure), Milbemycin (Interceptor, Sentinel). Eggs susceptible to dessication, clean areas.
White Muscle Disease – Nutritional Myodystrophy (NMD). Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency, which are important antioxidants. Generalized muscle weakness or stiffness (ddx tetanus), repro probs, ill thrift, hepatosis dietetica (mulberry diz). Dx by history, clin signs, necropsy, [vitaE], [Se]. CK, myoglobinuria, AST. Tx w/ vitaE and Se injections. Provide salt/trace mineral mixes.
Wooden Tongue – Actinobacillus lignieresii. G- aerobic coccobacillus. Granulomatous, soft tissue lesion in pharyngeal area. Swelling of tongue, mass in buccal or cervical area seperately moveable from bone. Easy to culture. Tx w/ NaI (one time) and antibiotics.
Wound Healing – 4 stages that overlap. 1) Inflammatory phase, N are 1 cells. 1st 2-3 days usu. 2) Debridement phase, w/in 6-12 hrs and lasts 12hrs to 5 days dependent on amt of debris to clean up. Healing will not proceed until necrotic tissue is removed. N and monocytes. 3) Repair phase, begins w/in 1st 12 hrs. Fibroblasts, capillary infiltration, collagen = granulation tissue, which appears 3-6 d after injury. “Proud flesh” when in excess. Epithelialization involves sliding of epithelial cells across wound surface, can take wks to mos. This phase tensile strength. 4) Maturation phase. Remodeling. Begins 15 d after wound and continues for 6-12 mos or longer. Cont’d tensile strength, checks an balances. Regression of caps and fibroblast. Results in scar which is never as strong as tissue it replaced (15-20% weaker). Skin heals by contraction and/or epithelialization, it does not regenerate.
• First Intention – Primary closure. Close apposition of skin edges. Fresh, clean, w/ adeq vascularization. Perform during the “Golden Period”, which is ~ 6 hrs after wound (up to 12 hrs). Healing is rapid, scarring minimal.
• Second Intention – Nature’s method. Contraction and epithelialization have occurred to some degree. Many factors inhibit contraction including steroids, NSAIDs (in high doses), infection, proud flesh, shape. Epithelialization is by heat (bandaging), oxygenation (bandaging, casting), moisture, silver sulfadiazine, insulin. by infection, necrotic tissue, proud flesh, too frequent of bandage changes.
• Third Intention - Delayed Primary Closure. Apposition of wound after golden period but before appearance of granulation tissue. 4-5 days after injury. Debride, irrigate, pack and dress. Close when ready w/ primary closure.
• Delayed Secondary Closure – After gran bed, after 4-5 days. Chronic, contaminated wounds. Often excise and debride until primary closure can be performed.
Xanthomatosis – Abnormal lipid metabolism.
Zearalenone - Estrogenic substance produced by Fusarium graminearum. Found in moldy corn. Causes signs of hyperestrogenism (such as bone marrow suppression).
Zinc Deficiency - Involved in process of cell division. Broad effects include slipping of wool, anorexia, listlessness, poor production, parokeratosis, stiff joints, unthriftiness, alopecia, dermatitis, poor wound healing. Crusted food pad lesions in dogs.
Zinc Responsive Dermatosis – Heriditary in arctic breeds (SH, AM). Not Zn deficient, but improves. Zn methionine well absorbed w/ few side effects. Zn sulfate is cheap but poor bioactivity and GI upset limits usage. Requires lifelong therapy.
